multiWGCNA: visualizing condition-specific networks
2024-05-01
Contents
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Load multiWGCNA library
- 3 Load astrocyte Ribotag RNA-seq data
- 4 Network construction
- 5 Compare modules by overlap
- 6 Identify a module of interest
- 7 Draw the multiWGCNA network
- 8 Observe differential co-expression of top module genes
- 9 Follow up with a preservation analysis
- 10 Determining if preservation value is significant
- 11 Conclusion
1 Introduction
In this vignette, we will be showing various ways users can analyze their condition-specific network across the conditions of their experiment. We will be using the astrocyte Ribotag data from Itoh et al. PNAS. 2018 (https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1716032115). This data comes with the multiWGCNAdata package hosted on ExperimentHub and can be accessed as shown below.
2 Load multiWGCNA library
library(multiWGCNA)
#> Loading required package: ggalluvial
#> Loading required package: ggplot2
#> 3 Load astrocyte Ribotag RNA-seq data
# Download data from the ExperimentHub
library(ExperimentHub)
#> Loading required package: BiocGenerics
#>
#> Attaching package: 'BiocGenerics'
#> The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
#>
#> IQR, mad, sd, var, xtabs
#> The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
#>
#> anyDuplicated, aperm, append, as.data.frame, basename, cbind,
#> colnames, dirname, do.call, duplicated, eval, evalq, Filter, Find,
#> get, grep, grepl, intersect, is.unsorted, lapply, Map, mapply,
#> match, mget, order, paste, pmax, pmax.int, pmin, pmin.int,
#> Position, rank, rbind, Reduce, rownames, sapply, setdiff, table,
#> tapply, union, unique, unsplit, which.max, which.min
#> Loading required package: AnnotationHub
#> Loading required package: BiocFileCache
#> Loading required package: dbplyr
eh = ExperimentHub()
# Note: this requires the SummarizedExperiment package to be installed
eh_query = query(eh, c("multiWGCNAdata"))
astrocyte_se = eh_query[["EH8223"]]
#> see ?multiWGCNAdata and browseVignettes('multiWGCNAdata') for documentation
#> loading from cache
#> require("SummarizedExperiment")
# Collect the metadata in the sampleTable; the first column must be named "Sample"
sampleTable = colData(astrocyte_se)
# Check the data
assays(astrocyte_se)[[1]][1:5, 1:5]
#> EAE_1 EAE_2 EAE_3 EAE_4 EAE_5
#> 0610007P14Rik 6.8295061 6.855911 6.254815 6.018663 7.082242
#> 0610009B22Rik 6.7316000 7.131389 5.512180 5.350221 6.612084
#> 0610009O20Rik 5.2374819 4.613763 5.163960 4.499471 5.376452
#> 0610010B08Rik 0.6621082 1.237812 2.602756 1.404309 2.646006
#> 0610010F05Rik 2.7476431 3.870872 3.311788 3.329422 3.424676
sampleTable
#> DataFrame with 36 rows and 3 columns
#> Sample Disease Region
#> <character> <character> <character>
#> EAE_1 EAE_1 EAE Cbl
#> EAE_2 EAE_2 EAE Cbl
#> EAE_3 EAE_3 EAE Cbl
#> EAE_4 EAE_4 EAE Cbl
#> EAE_5 EAE_5 EAE Cbl
#> ... ... ... ...
#> healthy_12 healthy_12 WT Hippo
#> healthy_13 healthy_13 WT Sc
#> healthy_14 healthy_14 WT Sc
#> healthy_15 healthy_15 WT Sc
#> healthy_16 healthy_16 WT Sc
# Define our conditions for trait 1 (disease) and 2 (brain region)
conditions1 = unique(sampleTable[,2])
conditions2 = unique(sampleTable[,3])4 Network construction
We now perform network construction, module eigengene calculation, module-trait correlation. Let’s use power = 12 since we used this in our paper (Tommasini and Fogel. BMC Bioinformatics. 2023.) for all the networks.
# Construct the combined networks and all the sub-networks (EAE, WT, and each region)
# Same parameters as Tommasini and Fogel. BMC Bioinformatics
astrocyte_networks = constructNetworks(astrocyte_se, sampleTable, conditions1, conditions2,
networkType = "signed", TOMType = "unsigned",
power = 12, minModuleSize = 100, maxBlockSize = 25000,
reassignThreshold = 0, minKMEtoStay = 0, mergeCutHeight = 0,
numericLabels = TRUE, pamRespectsDendro = FALSE,
deepSplit = 4, verbose = 3)
This step takes a while since it performs seven network constructions, so we also provide the WGCNA object list (astrocyte_networks) in a loadable format. These were generated from the function above.
# Load pre-computed astrocyte networks
astrocyte_networks = eh_query[["EH8222"]]
#> see ?multiWGCNAdata and browseVignettes('multiWGCNAdata') for documentation
#> loading from cache
# Check one of the WGCNA objects
astrocyte_networks[["combined"]]
#> ##### datExpr #####
#> X EAE_1 EAE_2 EAE_3 EAE_4
#> 0610007P14Rik 0610007P14Rik 6.8295061 6.855911 6.254815 6.018663
#> 0610009B22Rik 0610009B22Rik 6.7316000 7.131389 5.512180 5.350221
#> 0610009O20Rik 0610009O20Rik 5.2374819 4.613763 5.163960 4.499471
#> 0610010B08Rik 0610010B08Rik 0.6621082 1.237812 2.602756 1.404309
#> 0610010F05Rik 0610010F05Rik 2.7476431 3.870872 3.311788 3.329422
#> 0610010K14Rik 0610010K14Rik 6.7580660 5.741782 7.068028 6.066397
#>
#> ##### conditions #####
#> Sample Cbl Ctx Hippo Sc EAE WT
#> 1 EAE_1 1 2 2 2 1 2
#> 2 EAE_2 1 2 2 2 1 2
#> 3 EAE_3 1 2 2 2 1 2
#> 4 EAE_4 1 2 2 2 1 2
#> 5 EAE_5 1 2 2 2 1 2
#> 6 EAE_6 2 1 2 2 1 2
#>
#> ##### module-trait correlation #####
#> Module Cbl Ctx Hippo
#> 1 combined_000 -0.0364476003508565 -0.255256505885536 0.197531123492674
#> 2 combined_001 0.288897873627807 0.224331519793051 -0.951891696612219
#> 3 combined_002 -0.173307792846142 0.192824350579657 -0.737858151950135
#> 4 combined_003 -0.602638473395467 0.358865557684427 -0.443014688492424
#> 5 combined_004 -0.298759692763236 0.237517325231285 0.389483421290234
#> 6 combined_005 0.33717807439664 0.217125827452453 0.404748752737107
#> Sc EAE WT
#> 1 0.0941729827437187 -0.129401075697594 0.129401075697594
#> 2 0.438662303191361 0.0564118630816024 -0.0564118630816024
#> 3 0.718341594216621 0.124624344929484 -0.124624344929484
#> 4 0.686787604203464 0.118489907579839 -0.118489907579839
#> 5 -0.328241053758283 -0.27623235802516 0.27623235802516
#> 6 -0.959052654586201 0.0993302279700684 -0.0993302279700684
#> p.value.Cbl p.value.Ctx p.value.Hippo
#> 1 0.832857799237777 0.132966929718593 0.248179967153461
#> 2 0.0874757049142457 0.188400881435516 4.88276900785685e-19
#> 3 0.312100684420068 0.259856986766255 2.82359321810442e-07
#> 4 0.000100501116087253 0.0316046790137704 0.00681175845919204
#> 5 0.0767322030921174 0.16305699722782 0.0188747122157827
#> 6 0.0443263856584159 0.203366848448585 0.014341658701339
#> p.value.Sc p.value.EAE p.value.WT trait log10Pvalue
#> 1 0.58485059401596 0.451944819774715 0.451944819774715 None 0.8762564
#> 2 0.00744524874705859 0.743829515380077 0.743829515380077 Hippo 18.3113338
#> 3 8.09340902303281e-07 0.468950669314544 0.468950669314544 Hippo 6.5491979
#> 4 3.73966334787861e-06 0.491276518086413 0.491276518086413 Sc 5.4271675
#> 5 0.0506450923633608 0.102930451571833 0.102930451571833 Hippo 1.7241197
#> 6 3.33227384463383e-20 0.564360643230857 0.564360643230857 Sc 19.4772593
#>
#> ##### module eigengenes #####
#> EAE_1 EAE_2 EAE_3 EAE_4 EAE_5
#> combined_000 0.02299076 0.04566290 -0.016901593 -0.04957158 0.05120053
#> combined_001 -0.12249369 -0.04708563 -0.103509765 -0.08154738 -0.10047042
#> combined_002 -0.09416519 0.11637829 0.001182349 0.02840979 0.04835513
#> combined_003 0.01507925 0.20555343 0.141335547 0.13334496 0.21012775
#> combined_004 0.21553261 -0.19353170 0.303492247 0.17313968 0.25254140
#> combined_005 -0.07089446 -0.01972901 -0.159155387 -0.09926386 -0.15912974
#>
#> ##### outlier modules #####
#> [1] "combined_000" "combined_019" "combined_025" "combined_028" "combined_030"
#> [6] "combined_035" "combined_036" "combined_037" "combined_038"5 Compare modules by overlap
Next, we compare modules (by hypergeometric overlap) across conditions. We’ll save the results in a list.
# Save results to a list
results = list()
results$overlaps = iterate(astrocyte_networks, overlapComparisons, plot=FALSE)
#>
#> #### comparing combined and EAE ####
#>
#> #### comparing combined and WT ####
#>
#> #### comparing combined and Cbl ####
#>
#> #### comparing combined and Ctx ####
#>
#> #### comparing combined and Hippo ####
#>
#> #### comparing combined and Sc ####
#>
#> #### comparing EAE and WT ####
#>
#> #### comparing EAE and Cbl ####
#>
#> #### comparing EAE and Ctx ####
#>
#> #### comparing EAE and Hippo ####
#>
#> #### comparing EAE and Sc ####
#>
#> #### comparing WT and Cbl ####
#>
#> #### comparing WT and Ctx ####
#>
#> #### comparing WT and Hippo ####
#>
#> #### comparing WT and Sc ####
#>
#> #### comparing Cbl and Ctx ####
#>
#> #### comparing Cbl and Hippo ####
#>
#> #### comparing Cbl and Sc ####
#>
#> #### comparing Ctx and Hippo ####
#>
#> #### comparing Ctx and Sc ####
#>
#> #### comparing Hippo and Sc ####
# Check the overlaps, ie between the EAE and wildtype networks
head(results$overlaps$EAE_vs_WT$overlap)
#> mod1 mod2 mod1.size mod2.size overlap p.value p.adj
#> 1 EAE_000 WT_000 1 2 0 1 1
#> 2 EAE_000 WT_001 1 1001 0 1 1
#> 3 EAE_000 WT_002 1 885 0 1 1
#> 4 EAE_000 WT_003 1 883 0 1 1
#> 5 EAE_000 WT_004 1 767 0 1 1
#> 6 EAE_000 WT_005 1 727 0 1 16 Identify a module of interest
Then, we perform differential module expression analysis to detect modules with disease-associated expression patterns. This incorporates the linear model described in the paper and tests for significance using ANOVA.
# Run differential module expression analysis (DME) on combined networks
results$diffModExp = runDME(astrocyte_networks[["combined"]],
sampleTable,
p.adjust = "fdr",
refCondition = "Region",
testCondition = "Disease")
# plot=TRUE,
# out="ANOVA_DME.pdf")
# Check results sorted by disease association FDR
results$diffModExp[order(results$diffModExp$Disease),]
#> Disease Disease*Region Region
#> combined_013 0.004565611 0.98775812 5.707380e-04
#> combined_016 0.056027353 0.02147806 2.496359e-09
#> combined_021 0.056027353 0.98775812 1.591773e-01
#> combined_033 0.056027353 0.98775812 6.349427e-06
#> combined_032 0.075974114 0.98775812 1.228102e-01
#> combined_020 0.081916454 0.98775812 1.545306e-05
#> combined_026 0.125548873 0.98775812 2.274020e-02
#> combined_005 0.129290571 0.98775812 1.985491e-18
#> combined_017 0.129290571 0.98775812 3.390485e-03
#> combined_031 0.129290571 0.98775812 8.937602e-06
#> combined_003 0.201313016 0.98775812 5.082058e-14
#> combined_004 0.201313016 0.98775812 8.237774e-03
#> combined_002 0.204080192 0.98775812 7.594394e-13
#> combined_009 0.204080192 0.98775812 1.817818e-24
#> combined_022 0.235673317 0.98775812 1.522679e-17
#> combined_010 0.260509013 0.98775812 1.278032e-05
#> combined_015 0.260509013 0.98775812 1.286140e-03
#> combined_008 0.305563496 0.98775812 9.832001e-05
#> combined_011 0.305563496 0.98775812 1.488179e-19
#> combined_012 0.364451132 0.98775812 5.490254e-17
#> combined_014 0.364451132 0.98775812 7.311012e-22
#> combined_018 0.364451132 0.98775812 5.347187e-19
#> combined_023 0.364451132 0.98775812 3.631151e-09
#> combined_025 0.364451132 0.98775812 1.769155e-01
#> combined_001 0.387743702 0.98775812 4.956367e-17
#> combined_036 0.387743702 0.98775812 4.677576e-01
#> combined_029 0.433469339 0.98775812 5.875322e-15
#> combined_037 0.435725138 0.98775812 2.151891e-01
#> combined_006 0.442761880 0.98775812 9.999069e-17
#> combined_028 0.442761880 0.98775812 3.015503e-01
#> combined_035 0.442761880 0.98775812 4.374292e-01
#> combined_007 0.500999238 0.98775812 9.767417e-05
#> combined_030 0.500999238 0.98775812 3.015503e-01
#> combined_000 0.504429894 0.98775812 4.374292e-01
#> combined_034 0.504429894 0.98775812 5.707380e-04
#> combined_038 0.515358345 0.98775812 4.037062e-01
#> combined_024 0.692301058 0.98775812 3.840878e-18
#> combined_019 0.717692761 0.98775812 4.677576e-01
#> combined_027 0.717692761 0.98775812 1.378638e-15
# You can check the expression of module M13 from Tommasini and Fogel. BMC Bioinformatics. 2023 like this. Note that the values reported in the bottom panel title are p-values and not adjusted for multiple comparisons like in results$diffModExp
diffModuleExpression(astrocyte_networks[["combined"]],
geneList = topNGenes(astrocyte_networks[[1]], "combined_013"),
design = sampleTable,
test = "ANOVA",
plotTitle = "combined_013",
plot = TRUE)
#> #### plotting combined_013 ####
#> Factors p.value
#> 1 Disease 0.0001170670
#> 2 Region 0.0003394679
#> 3 Disease*Region 0.13864880057 Draw the multiWGCNA network
We can now check to see if M13 is present in any of the sub-networks. An easy way to do this is using the network-network correspondences from hypergeometric overlap. These are stored in results$overlaps. We can plot these in a convenient visualization scheme that also organizes the three levels of the multiWGCNA analysis: 1) combined network, 2) EAE and wildtype networks, and 3) the four regional networks.
drawMultiWGCNAnetwork(astrocyte_networks,
results$overlaps,
"combined_013",
design = sampleTable,
overlapCutoff = 0,
padjCutoff = 1,
removeOutliers = TRUE,
alpha = 1e-50,
layout = NULL,
hjust = 0.4,
vjust = 0.3,
width = 0.5)
#> NULLThis corresponds to Figure 2C from Tommasini and Fogel. BMC Bioinformatics. 2023. We see that M13 is really only present in the EAE network, but not any of the other sub-networks. Most importantly, it cannot be resolved in the wildtype network. This makes M13 a biologically interesting network, both in terms of differential expression and differential co-expression.
We can identify the EAE module that corresponds to M13 using the overlap analysis:
bidirectionalBestMatches(results$overlaps$combined_vs_EAE)
#> combined EAE p.adj
#> 1 003 007 1.425488e-318
#> 2 001 001 4.260005e-306
#> 3 002 003 4.260005e-306
#> 4 004 002 4.260005e-306
#> 5 006 005 4.260005e-306
#> 6 007 009 4.260005e-306
#> 7 008 008 4.260005e-306
#> 8 009 006 4.260005e-306
#> 9 013 015 4.260005e-306
#> 10 019 010 4.260005e-306
#> 11 025 016 4.260005e-306
#> 12 028 021 8.844123e-285
#> 13 030 023 7.316481e-274
#> 14 010 022 1.803606e-248
#> 15 005 004 1.072392e-245
#> 16 011 013 3.737081e-238
#> 17 036 032 2.377904e-215
#> 18 037 034 2.494348e-214
#> 19 035 019 2.612013e-209
#> 20 038 037 5.744812e-203
#> 21 023 014 1.430064e-195
#> 22 012 028 7.465249e-192
#> 23 029 031 4.026429e-180
#> 24 021 017 1.956705e-171
#> 25 024 027 3.167232e-157
#> 26 022 026 1.139861e-155
#> 27 018 012 4.407054e-148
#> 28 020 020 9.716337e-146
#> 29 017 018 2.767286e-110
#> 30 015 044 1.132537e-102
#> 31 033 046 1.341711e-98
#> 32 026 047 8.515681e-90
#> 33 031 035 4.408228e-89
#> 34 027 029 1.832957e-75The colors correspond to -log10(FDR) derived from the hypergeometric test, while the numbers in the cells correspond to the number of genes overlapping. From this plot, we see that the module from the EAE network that corresponds to combined_013 is called EAE_015.
8 Observe differential co-expression of top module genes
We can visually check that combined_013/EAE_015 genes are co-expressed in EAE and not co-expressed in WT samples.
# Get expression data for top 20 genes in EAE_015 module
datExpr = GetDatExpr(astrocyte_networks[[1]],
genes = topNGenes(astrocyte_networks$EAE, "EAE_015", 20))
# Plot
coexpressionLineGraph(datExpr, splitBy = 1.5, fontSize = 2.5) +
geom_vline(xintercept = 20.5, linetype='dashed')
This corresponds to Figure 2D from Tommasini and Fogel. BMC Bioinformatics. 2023. Indeed, we see that these representative module members, which include many immune-related genes, co-vary in EAE samples but less so in WT samples.
9 Follow up with a preservation analysis
Typically, you would want to follow this up with a preservation analysis between EAE and WT (described in general_workflow.Rmd). This is slow so we don’t actually run this in the vignette.
# To enable multi-threading
library(doParallel)
library(WGCNA)
nCores = 2
registerDoParallel(cores = nCores)
enableWGCNAThreads(nThreads = nCores)
registerDoSEQ()
disableWGCNAThreads()
# Calculate preservation statistics
results$preservation=iterate(astrocyte_networks[c("EAE", "WT")],
preservationComparisons,
write=FALSE,
plot=TRUE,
nPermutations=100)10 Determining if preservation value is significant
Then, one can perform a permutation procedure that estimates the probability of observing a disease (or wildtype) module with this preservation score in the wildtype (or disease) setting (PreservationPermutationTest). The test is designed to control for the other condition in the sampleTable. In this case, it will equally distribute the samples belonging to each anatomical region when testing preservation of this disease module in the wildtype samples. This is the slowest step! We recommend to let this run on a computing cluster overnight.
options(paged.print = FALSE)
results$permutation.test = PreservationPermutationTest(astrocyte_networks$combined@datExpr[sample(17000,3000),],
sampleTable,
constructNetworksIn = "EAE", # Construct networks using EAE samples
testPreservationIn = "WT", # Test preservation of disease samples in WT samples
nPermutations = 10, # Number of permutations for permutation test
nPresPermutations = 10, # Number of permutations for modulePreservation function
# WGCNA parameters for re-sampled networks (should be the same as used for network construction)
networkType = "signed", TOMType = "unsigned",
power = 12, minModuleSize = 100, maxBlockSize = 25000,
reassignThreshold = 0, minKMEtoStay = 0, mergeCutHeight = 0,
numericLabels = TRUE, pamRespectsDendro = FALSE,
deepSplit = 4, verbose = 3
)Because this step is slow, we provide pre-computed results within the package, stored as permutationTestResults. Since module preservation scores are dependent on the module size (larger modules have larger preservation scores), we generate the null distribution of preservation scores based on similarly sized modules from each permutation. Note that we have to filter out “outlier modules” first, as these are modules where the correlations are driven by a single sample.
# Load pre-computed results
data(permutationTestResults)
# Remove outlier modules
permutationTestResultsFiltered = lapply(permutationTestResults, function(x) x[!x$is.outlier.module,])
# Extract the preservation score distribution
results$scores.summary = PreservationScoreDistribution(permutationTestResultsFiltered,
moduleOfInterestSize = 303 # The size of the module of interest (dM15)
)
# Observed preservation score of dM15
observed.score = 9.16261490617938
# How many times did we observe a score lower than or equal to this observed score?
z.summary.dist = results$scores.summary$z.summary
below=length(z.summary.dist[z.summary.dist <= observed.score])
probability= below/100
message("Probability of observing a score of ", round(observed.score, 2), " is ", probability)
#> Probability of observing a score of 9.16 is 0.01You can plot the observed score and the null distribution on a histogram like in Figure 2B of the manuscript.
# Plot on a histogram
ggplot(results$scores.summary, aes(x=z.summary)) +
geom_histogram(color="black", fill="white", bins = 15)+
xlab("Preservation score")+
ylab("Frequency")+
geom_vline(xintercept=observed.score, color="red3", linetype="solid")+
scale_y_continuous(expand = c(0,0))+
theme_classic()+
theme(plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5))
11 Conclusion
This analysis provides a great deal of evidence suggesting that dM15 is a transcriptional network that is gained in this disease status and is not present in healthy astrocytes. Further investigation will reveal that this network corresponds to the reactive astrocyte transcriptional network, which indeed is active in the EAE model and is absent in healthy astrocytes. Please see Tommasini and Fogel. BMC Bioinformatics. 2023. for more details.
sessionInfo()
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#> other attached packages:
#> [1] SummarizedExperiment_1.34.0 Biobase_2.64.0
#> [3] GenomicRanges_1.56.0 GenomeInfoDb_1.40.0
#> [5] IRanges_2.38.0 S4Vectors_0.42.0
#> [7] MatrixGenerics_1.16.0 matrixStats_1.3.0
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