Integration with other panels
1 May 2024
Package
iSEEpathways 1.2.0
1 Scenario
In this vignette, we use the example of a differential expression and pathway analysis workflow on a real data set to demonstrate how a selection made in a panel of pathway analysis results may be transmitted to other row-oriented panels in the iSEE application.
2 Demonstration
2.1 Example data
2.2 Experimental metadata
We use the ?airway data set.
We briefly adjust the reference level of the treatment factor to the untreated condition.
library("airway")
data("airway")
airway$dex <- relevel(airway$dex, "untrt")2.3 Feature identifiers
We also map the Ensembl gene identifiers to more recognisable gene symbols, setting row names to a unique identifier composed of either gene symbol, gene identifier, of a concatenate of both.
Although not essential, this implicitly defines the primary piece of information displayed for genes in the live app.
No information is lost in the process, as the original Ensembl identifier and the corresponding gene symbol are both stored in the rowData() of the object.
library("org.Hs.eg.db")
library("scater")
rowData(airway)[["ENSEMBL"]] <- rownames(airway)
rowData(airway)[["SYMBOL"]] <- mapIds(org.Hs.eg.db, rownames(airway), "SYMBOL", "ENSEMBL")
rowData(airway)[["uniquifyFeatureNames"]] <- uniquifyFeatureNames(
ID = rowData(airway)[["ENSEMBL"]],
names = rowData(airway)[["SYMBOL"]]
)
rownames(airway) <- rowData(airway)[["uniquifyFeatureNames"]]2.4 Gene expression
We also compute log-transformed counts, for a better visualisation of differential expression in the live app.
library("scuttle")
airway <- logNormCounts(airway)2.5 Differential expression analysis
We run a standard Limma-Voom analysis using limma::voom(), limma::lmFit(), limma::makeContrasts(), and limma::eBayes().
library("edgeR")
counts <- assay(airway, "counts")
design <- model.matrix(~ 0 + dex + cell, data = colData(airway))
keep <- filterByExpr(counts, design)
v <- voom(counts[keep,], design, plot=FALSE)
fit <- lmFit(v, design)
contr <- makeContrasts("dextrt - dexuntrt", levels = colnames(coef(fit)))
tmp <- contrasts.fit(fit, contr)
tmp <- eBayes(tmp)
res_limma <- topTable(tmp, sort.by = "P", n = Inf)
head(res_limma)
#> logFC AveExpr t P.Value adj.P.Val B
#> CACNB2 3.205598 3.682244 36.49009 2.370569e-11 3.996779e-07 16.03257
#> DUSP1 2.864775 6.644455 28.95296 2.000429e-10 9.657686e-07 14.66891
#> MAOA 3.256099 5.950559 28.29381 2.472372e-10 9.657686e-07 14.44796
#> SPARCL1 4.489075 4.166904 27.99497 2.725926e-10 9.657686e-07 14.01663
#> PRSS35 -2.828186 3.224885 -27.47899 3.234271e-10 9.657686e-07 13.80831
#> STEAP2 1.894563 6.790009 26.91396 3.914512e-10 9.657686e-07 14.03974Then, we embed this set of differential expression results in the ?airway object using the iSEEde::embedContrastResults() method.
library("iSEEde")
airway <- iSEEde::embedContrastResults(res_limma, airway, name = "Limma-Voom", class = "limma")
rowData(airway)
#> DataFrame with 63677 rows and 14 columns
#> gene_id gene_name entrezid gene_biotype gene_seq_start gene_seq_end
#> <character> <character> <integer> <character> <integer> <integer>
#> TSPAN6 ENSG00000000003 TSPAN6 NA protein_coding 99883667 99894988
#> TNMD ENSG00000000005 TNMD NA protein_coding 99839799 99854882
#> DPM1 ENSG00000000419 DPM1 NA protein_coding 49551404 49575092
#> SCYL3 ENSG00000000457 SCYL3 NA protein_coding 169818772 169863408
#> FIRRM ENSG00000000460 C1orf112 NA protein_coding 169631245 169823221
#> ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
#> ENSG00000273489 ENSG00000273489 RP11-180C16.1 NA antisense 131178723 131182453
#> ENSG00000273490 ENSG00000273490 TSEN34 NA protein_coding 54693789 54697585
#> ENSG00000273491 ENSG00000273491 RP11-138A9.2 NA lincRNA 130600118 130603315
#> APP-DT ENSG00000273492 AP000230.1 NA lincRNA 27543189 27589700
#> ENSG00000273493 ENSG00000273493 RP11-80H18.4 NA lincRNA 58315692 58315845
#> seq_name seq_strand seq_coord_system symbol ENSEMBL SYMBOL
#> <character> <integer> <integer> <character> <character> <character>
#> TSPAN6 X -1 NA TSPAN6 ENSG00000000003 TSPAN6
#> TNMD X 1 NA TNMD ENSG00000000005 TNMD
#> DPM1 20 -1 NA DPM1 ENSG00000000419 DPM1
#> SCYL3 1 -1 NA SCYL3 ENSG00000000457 SCYL3
#> FIRRM 1 1 NA C1orf112 ENSG00000000460 FIRRM
#> ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
#> ENSG00000273489 7 -1 NA RP11-180C16.1 ENSG00000273489 NA
#> ENSG00000273490 HSCHR19LRC_LRC_J_CTG1 1 NA TSEN34 ENSG00000273490 NA
#> ENSG00000273491 HG1308_PATCH 1 NA RP11-138A9.2 ENSG00000273491 NA
#> APP-DT 21 1 NA AP000230.1 ENSG00000273492 APP-DT
#> ENSG00000273493 3 1 NA RP11-80H18.4 ENSG00000273493 NA
#> uniquifyFeatureNames iSEEde
#> <character> <DataFrame>
#> TSPAN6 TSPAN6 <iSEELimmaResults>
#> TNMD TNMD <iSEELimmaResults>
#> DPM1 DPM1 <iSEELimmaResults>
#> SCYL3 SCYL3 <iSEELimmaResults>
#> FIRRM FIRRM <iSEELimmaResults>
#> ... ... ...
#> ENSG00000273489 ENSG00000273489 <iSEELimmaResults>
#> ENSG00000273490 ENSG00000273490 <iSEELimmaResults>
#> ENSG00000273491 ENSG00000273491 <iSEELimmaResults>
#> APP-DT APP-DT <iSEELimmaResults>
#> ENSG00000273493 ENSG00000273493 <iSEELimmaResults>2.6 Pathways
We prepare Gene Ontology gene sets of biological pathways using org.Hs.eg.db.
Due to the use of uniquifyFeatureNames() above, we must first map pathway identifiers to the unique Ensembl gene identifier, to accurately perform pathway analysis using the feature identifiers matching those of the embedded differential expression results.
library("org.Hs.eg.db")
pathways <- select(org.Hs.eg.db, keys(org.Hs.eg.db, "ENSEMBL"), c("GOALL"), keytype = "ENSEMBL")
#> 'select()' returned 1:many mapping between keys and columns
pathways <- subset(pathways, ONTOLOGYALL == "BP")
pathways <- unique(pathways[, c("ENSEMBL", "GOALL")])
pathways <- merge(pathways, rowData(airway)[, c("ENSEMBL", "uniquifyFeatureNames")])
pathways <- split(pathways$uniquifyFeatureNames, pathways$GOALL)2.7 Mapping pathways to genes
Separately, we define and register a function that fetches the gene identifiers associated with a given pathway identifier. This function is required to transmit selections from pathway-level panels to feature-level panels.
Due to the use of uniquifyFeatureNames() above, the function must first map to the unique Ensembl gene identifier, to accurately identify the corresponding value in rownames(airway).
map_GO <- function(pathway_id, se) {
pathway_ensembl <- mapIds(org.Hs.eg.db, pathway_id, "ENSEMBL", keytype = "GOALL", multiVals = "CharacterList")[[pathway_id]]
pathway_rownames <- rownames(se)[rowData(se)[["gene_id"]] %in% pathway_ensembl]
pathway_rownames
}
airway <- registerAppOptions(airway, Pathways.map.functions = list(GO = map_GO))2.8 Gene set enrichment analysis
We run a standard GSEA analysis using fgsea.
library("fgsea")
set.seed(42)
stats <- na.omit(log2FoldChange(contrastResults(airway, "Limma-Voom")))
fgseaRes <- fgsea(pathways = pathways,
stats = stats,
minSize = 15,
maxSize = 500)
#> Warning in preparePathwaysAndStats(pathways, stats, minSize, maxSize, gseaParam, : There are ties in the preranked stats (0.05% of the list).
#> The order of those tied genes will be arbitrary, which may produce unexpected results.
head(fgseaRes[order(pval), ])
#> pathway pval padj log2err ES NES size leadingEdge
#> <char> <num> <num> <num> <num> <num> <int> <list>
#> 1: GO:0046323 2.542340e-06 0.01102613 0.6272567 0.6490865 2.230894 59 KLF15, L....
#> 2: GO:0046324 1.357804e-05 0.01277105 0.5933255 0.6682559 2.153907 46 KLF15, L....
#> 3: GO:1904659 1.573689e-05 0.01277105 0.5756103 0.5635679 2.039292 84 KLF15, L....
#> 4: GO:0010827 1.764834e-05 0.01277105 0.5756103 0.6201464 2.124828 58 KLF15, L....
#> 5: GO:0050886 1.889844e-05 0.01277105 0.5756103 0.6343317 2.129959 52 INHBB, L....
#> 6: GO:0031589 2.019441e-05 0.01277105 0.5756103 0.3847176 1.641614 287 FAM107A,....Then, we embed this set of pathway analysis results in the airway object, using the ?iSEEpathways::embedPathwaysResults method.
But first, we reorder the results by increasing p-value. Although not essential, this implicitly defines the default ordering of the table in the live app.
library("iSEEpathways")
fgseaRes <- fgseaRes[order(pval), ]
airway <- embedPathwaysResults(
fgseaRes, airway, name = "fgsea (p-value)", class = "fgsea",
pathwayType = "GO", pathwaysList = pathways, featuresStats = stats)
airway
#> class: RangedSummarizedExperiment
#> dim: 63677 8
#> metadata(3): '' iSEE iSEEpathways
#> assays(2): counts logcounts
#> rownames(63677): TSPAN6 TNMD ... APP-DT ENSG00000273493
#> rowData names(14): gene_id gene_name ... uniquifyFeatureNames iSEEde
#> colnames(8): SRR1039508 SRR1039509 ... SRR1039520 SRR1039521
#> colData names(9): SampleName cell ... Sample BioSampleTo showcase a choice of pathway analysis results in the live app, we repeat the process above, this time sorting by a different score that combines the log-transformed p-value and the absolute log-transformed fold-change.
stats <- na.omit(
log2FoldChange(contrastResults(airway, "Limma-Voom")) *
-log10(pValue(contrastResults(airway, "Limma-Voom")))
)
set.seed(42)
fgseaRes <- fgsea(pathways = pathways,
stats = na.omit(stats),
minSize = 15,
maxSize = 500)
fgseaRes <- fgseaRes[order(pval), ]
airway <- embedPathwaysResults(
fgseaRes, airway, name = "fgsea (p-value & fold-change)", class = "fgsea",
pathwayType = "GO", pathwaysList = pathways, featuresStats = stats)
airway
#> class: RangedSummarizedExperiment
#> dim: 63677 8
#> metadata(3): '' iSEE iSEEpathways
#> assays(2): counts logcounts
#> rownames(63677): TSPAN6 TNMD ... APP-DT ENSG00000273493
#> rowData names(14): gene_id gene_name ... uniquifyFeatureNames iSEEde
#> colnames(8): SRR1039508 SRR1039509 ... SRR1039520 SRR1039521
#> colData names(9): SampleName cell ... Sample BioSample2.9 Displaying additional pathway information
For further user-friendliness in the live app, we define and register a function that displays details for the selected Gene Ontology gene set using the GO.db package.
library("GO.db")
library("shiny")
library("iSEE")
go_details <- function(x) {
info <- select(GO.db, x, c("TERM", "ONTOLOGY", "DEFINITION"), "GOID")
html <- list(p(strong(info$GOID), ":", info$TERM, paste0("(", info$ONTOLOGY, ")")))
if (!is.na(info$DEFINITION)) {
html <- append(html, list(p(info$DEFINITION)))
}
tagList(html)
}
airway <- registerAppOptions(airway, PathwaysTable.select.details = go_details)2.10 Live app
Finally, we configure the initial state and launch the live app.
app <- iSEE(airway, initial = list(
PathwaysTable(ResultName="fgsea (p-value)", Selected = "GO:0046324", PanelWidth = 4L),
VolcanoPlot(RowSelectionSource = "PathwaysTable1", ColorBy = "Row selection", PanelWidth = 4L),
ComplexHeatmapPlot(RowSelectionSource = "PathwaysTable1",
PanelWidth = 4L, PanelHeight = 700L,
CustomRows = FALSE, ColumnData = "dex",
ClusterRows = TRUE, ClusterRowsDistance = "euclidean", AssayCenterRows = TRUE),
FgseaEnrichmentPlot(ResultName="fgsea (p-value)", PathwayId = "GO:0046324", PanelWidth = 12L)
))
if (interactive()) {
shiny::runApp(app)
}
3 Trading off memory usage for speed
The function map_GO() that we defined earlier above – to map a pathway identifier to a set of gene identifiers – uses the org.Hs.eg.db package and the ?AnnotationDbi::select() function.
While memory-efficient, the repeated calls to the database of gene annotations introduce a bottleneck that limits the reactivity of the app.
We can improve the speed of the app rendering by trading off an increased memory usage.
Specifically, we can use the object pathways that we created earlier as a named list of pathway identifiers and character vectors of gene identifiers associated with each pathway, instead of querying the GO.db database.
First, for the app to be self-contained, the list of pathways should be stored within the airway object itself.
For instance, we store those in the metadata() of the airway object.
metadata(airway)[["pathways"]] <- list(GO = pathways)Then, we can write a new, faster, function that fetches gene identifiers directly from that list rather than the database.
The function should take as first argument a single pathway identifier, and the second argument must be called se to match the name of the SummarizedExperiment object used within the app.
As a a trade off, the app now relies on the list of pathway annotations being available in the metadata of the se object, using additional memory for the benefit of dramatically faster access.
map_GO_v2 <- function(pathway_id, se) {
pathway_list <- metadata(se)[["pathways"]][["GO"]]
if (!pathway_id %in% names(pathway_list)) {
warning("Pathway identifier %s not found.", sQuote(pathway_id))
return(character(0))
}
pathway_list[[pathway_id]]
}
airway <- registerAppOptions(airway, Pathways.map.functions = list(GO = map_GO_v2))We can then launch a new instance of the app, using the same initial configuration, but the update airway object.
app <- iSEE(airway, initial = list(
PathwaysTable(ResultName="fgsea (p-value)", Selected = "GO:0046324", PanelWidth = 4L),
VolcanoPlot(RowSelectionSource = "PathwaysTable1", ColorBy = "Row selection", PanelWidth = 4L),
ComplexHeatmapPlot(RowSelectionSource = "PathwaysTable1",
PanelWidth = 4L, PanelHeight = 700L,
CustomRows = FALSE, ColumnData = "dex",
ClusterRows = TRUE, ClusterRowsDistance = "euclidean", AssayCenterRows = TRUE),
FgseaEnrichmentPlot(ResultName="fgsea (p-value)", PathwayId = "GO:0046324", PanelWidth = 12L)
))
if (interactive()) {
shiny::runApp(app)
}
4 Reproducibility
The iSEEpathways package (Rue-Albrecht and Soneson, 2024) was made possible thanks to:
- R (R Core Team, 2024)
- BiocStyle (Oleś, 2024)
- knitr (Xie, 2024)
- RefManageR (McLean, 2017)
- rmarkdown (Allaire, Xie, Dervieux et al., 2024)
- sessioninfo (Wickham, Chang, Flight et al., 2021)
- testthat (Wickham, 2011)
This package was developed using biocthis.
Code for creating the vignette
## Create the vignette
library("rmarkdown")
system.time(render("integration.Rmd", "BiocStyle::html_document"))
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library("knitr")
knit("integration.Rmd", tangle = TRUE)Date the vignette was generated.
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#> ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────5 Bibliography
This vignette was generated using BiocStyle (Oleś, 2024) with knitr (Xie, 2024) and rmarkdown (Allaire, Xie, Dervieux et al., 2024) running behind the scenes.
Citations made with RefManageR (McLean, 2017).
[1] J. Allaire, Y. Xie, C. Dervieux, et al. rmarkdown: Dynamic Documents for R. R package version 2.26. 2024. URL: https://github.com/rstudio/rmarkdown.
[2] M. W. McLean. “RefManageR: Import and Manage BibTeX and BibLaTeX References in R”. In: The Journal of Open Source Software (2017). DOI: 10.21105/joss.00338.
[3] A. Oleś. BiocStyle: Standard styles for vignettes and other Bioconductor documents. R package version 2.32.0. 2024. URL: https://github.com/Bioconductor/BiocStyle.
[4] R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria, 2024. URL: https://www.R-project.org/.
[5] K. Rue-Albrecht and C. Soneson. iSEEpathways: iSEE extension for panels related to pathway analysis. R package version 1.2.0. 2024. URL: https://github.com/iSEE/iSEEpathways.
[6] H. Wickham. “testthat: Get Started with Testing”. In: The R Journal 3 (2011), pp. 5–10. URL: https://journal.r-project.org/archive/2011-1/RJournal_2011-1_Wickham.pdf.
[7] H. Wickham, W. Chang, R. Flight, et al. sessioninfo: R Session Information. R package version 1.2.2. 2021. URL: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=sessioninfo.
[8] Y. Xie. knitr: A General-Purpose Package for Dynamic Report Generation in R. R package version 1.46. 2024. URL: https://yihui.org/knitr/.