1 Introduction

This package serves as a query interface for important community collections of small molecules, while also allowing users to include custom compound collections. Both annotation and structure information is provided. The annotation data is stored in an SQLite database, while the structure information is stored in Structure Definition Files (SDF). Both are hosted on Bioconductor’s AnnotationHub. A detailed description of the included data types is provided under the Supplemental Material section of this vignette. At the time of writing, the following community databases are included:

DrugAge (Barardo et al. 2017)
DrugBank (Wishart et al. 2018)
CMAP02 (Lamb et al. 2006)
LINCS (Subramanian et al. 2017)

In addition to providing access to the above compound collections, the package supports the integration of custom collections of compounds, that will be automatically stored for the user in the same data structure as the preconfigured databases. Both custom collections and those provided by this package can be queried in a uniform manner, and then further analyzed with cheminformatics packages such as ChemmineR, where SDFs are imported into flexible S4 containers (Cao et al. 2008).

2 Installation and Loading

As Bioconductor package customCMPdb can be installed with the BiocManager::install() function.

if (!requireNamespace("BiocManager", quietly = TRUE))
    install.packages("BiocManager")
BiocManager::install("customCMPdb")

To obtain the most recent updates of the package immediately, one can also install it directly from GitHub as follows.

devtools::install_github("yduan004/customCMPdb", build_vignettes=TRUE)

Next the package needs to be loaded in a user’s R session.

library(customCMPdb)
library(help = "customCMPdb")  # Lists package info

Open vignette of this package.

browseVignettes("customCMPdb")  # Opens vignette

3 Overview

The following introduces how to load and query the different datasets.

3.1 DrugAge Annotations

The compound annotation tables are stored in an SQLite database. This data can be loaded into a user’s R session as follows (here for drugAgeAnnot).

library(AnnotationHub)
ah <- AnnotationHub()
query(ah, c("customCMPdb", "annot_0.1"))

## AnnotationHub with 1 record
## # snapshotDate(): 2021-05-26
## # names(): AH79563
## # $dataprovider: DrugAge, DrugBank, Broad Institute
## # $species: Homo sapiens
## # $rdataclass: character
## # $rdatadateadded: 2020-10-14
## # $title: annot_0.1
## # $description: SQLite database containing compound annotations from four so...
## # $taxonomyid: 9606
## # $genome: GRCh38
## # $sourcetype: TSV
## # $sourceurl: https://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/customCMPd...
## # $sourcesize: NA
## # $tags: c("annot", "customCMPdb") 
## # retrieve record with 'object[["AH79563"]]'

annot_path <- ah[["AH79563"]]
library(RSQLite)
conn <- dbConnect(SQLite(), annot_path)
dbListTables(conn)

## [1] "DrugBankAnnot" "cmapAnnot"     "drugAgeAnnot"  "id_mapping"   
## [5] "lincsAnnot"    "myCustom"      "myCustom2"

drugAgeAnnot <- dbReadTable(conn, "drugAgeAnnot")
head(drugAgeAnnot)

##   drugage_id                  compound_name    synonyms                 species
## 1   ida00001                        Vitexin        <NA>  Caenorhabditis elegans
## 2   ida00002                  Cyclosporin A        <NA>  Caenorhabditis elegans
## 3   ida00003                      Histidine L-histidine  Caenorhabditis elegans
## 4   ida00004                        SRT1720        <NA>            Mus musculus
## 5   ida00005 Cordyceps sinensis oral liquid        <NA> Drosophila melanogaster
## 6   ida00006                         Lysine        <NA>  Caenorhabditis elegans
##     strain                dosage avg_lifespan_change max_lifespan_change gender
## 1       N2                 50 µM                   8                 5.3   <NA>
## 2     <NA>                 88 µM                  18                <NA>   <NA>
## 3       N2                  5 mM                  10                <NA>   <NA>
## 4 C57BL/6J 100 mg/kg body weight                 8.8                   0   <NA>
## 5 Oregon-K            0.20 mg/ml                  32                15.4   Male
## 6       N2                  5 mM                   8                <NA>   <NA>
##   significance pubmed_id Comment pref_name     pubchem_cid      DrugBank_id
## 1         <NA>  26535084    <NA>   VITEXIN         5280441             <NA>
## 2         <NA>  24134630    <NA>      <NA>            <NA>          DB00091
## 3         <NA>  25643626    <NA> HISTIDINE   6274, 6971009          DB00117
## 4         <NA>  24582957    <NA>      <NA>            <NA>             <NA>
## 5         <NA>  26239097     Mix      <NA>            <NA>             <NA>
## 6         <NA>  25643626    <NA>    LYSINE 5962, 122198194 DB00123, DB11101

dbDisconnect(conn)

3.2 DrugAge SDF

The corresponding structures for the above DrugAge example can be loaded into an SDFset object as follows.

query(ah, c("customCMPdb", "drugage_build2"))
da_path <- ah[["AH79564"]]
da_sdfset <- ChemmineR::read.SDFset(da_path)

Instructions on how to work with SDFset objects are provided in the ChemmineR vignette here. For instance, one can plot any of the loaded structures with the plot function.

ChemmineR::cid(da_sdfset) <- ChemmineR::sdfid(da_sdfset)
ChemmineR::plot(da_sdfset[1])

3.3 DrugBank SDF

The SDF from DrugBank can be loaded into R the same way. The corresponding SDF file was downloaded from here. During the import into R ChemmineR checks the validity of the imported compounds.

query(ah, c("customCMPdb", "drugbank_5.1.5"))
db_path <- ah[["AH79565"]]
db_sdfset <- ChemmineR::read.SDFset(db_path)

3.4 CMAP SDF

The import of the SDF of the CMAP02 database works the same way.

query(ah, c("customCMPdb", "cmap02"))
cmap_path <- ah[["AH79566"]]
cmap_sdfset <- ChemmineR::read.SDFset(cmap_path)

3.5 LINCS SDF

The same applies to the SDF of the small molecules included in the LINCS database.

query(ah, c("customCMPdb", "lincs_pilot1"))
lincs_path <- ah[["AH79567"]]
lincs_sdfset <- ChemmineR::read.SDFset(lincs_path)

For reproducibility, the R code for generating the above datasets is included in the inst/scripts/make-data.R file of this package. The file location on a user’s system can be obtained with system.file("scripts/make-data.R", package="customCMPdb").

4 Custom Annotation Database

4.1 Load Annotation Database

The SQLite Annotation Database is hosted on Bioconductor’s AnnotationHub. Users can download it to a local AnnotationHub cache directory. The path to this directory can be obtained as follows.

library(AnnotationHub)
ah <- AnnotationHub()
annot_path <- ah[["AH79563"]]

4.2 Add Custom Annotation Tables

The following introduces how users can import to the SQLite database their own compound annotation tables. In this case, the corresponding ChEMBL IDs need to be included under the chembl_id column. The name of the custom data set can be specified under the annot_name argument. Note, this name is case insensitive.

chembl_id <- c("CHEMBL1000309", "CHEMBL100014", "CHEMBL10",
               "CHEMBL100", "CHEMBL1000", NA)
annot_tb <- data.frame(cmp_name=paste0("name", 1:6),
        chembl_id=chembl_id,
        feature1=paste0("f", 1:6),
        feature2=rnorm(6))
addCustomAnnot(annot_tb, annot_name="myCustom")

4.3 Delete Custom Annotation Tables

The following shows how to delete custom annotation tables by referencing them by their name. To obtain a list of custom annotation tables present in the database, the listAnnot function can be used.

listAnnot()

## [1] "DrugBankAnnot" "cmapAnnot"     "drugAgeAnnot"  "lincsAnnot"   
## [5] "myCustom"      "myCustom2"

deleteAnnot("myCustom")
listAnnot()

## [1] "DrugBankAnnot" "cmapAnnot"     "drugAgeAnnot"  "lincsAnnot"   
## [5] "myCustom2"

4.4 Set to Default

The defaultAnnot function sets the annotation SQLite database back to the original version provided by customCMPdb. This is achieved by deleting the existing (e.g. custom) database and re-downloading a fresh instance from AnnotationHub.

defaultAnnot()

5 Query Annotation Database

The queryAnnotDB function can be used to query the compound annotations from the default resources as well as the custom resources stored in the SQLite annotation database. The query can be a set of ChEMBL IDs. In this case it returns a data.frame containing the annotations of the matching compounds from the selected annotation resources specified under the argument. The listAnnot function returns the names that can be assigned to the annot argument.

query_id <- c("CHEMBL1064", "CHEMBL10", "CHEMBL113", "CHEMBL1004", "CHEMBL31574")
listAnnot()

## [1] "DrugBankAnnot" "cmapAnnot"     "drugAgeAnnot"  "lincsAnnot"   
## [5] "myCustom2"

qres <- queryAnnotDB(query_id, annot=c("drugAgeAnnot", "lincsAnnot"))
qres

##     chembl_id                  species        strain     dosage
## 1    CHEMBL10  Drosophila melanogaster      Oregon R     300 µM
## 2  CHEMBL1004                     <NA>          <NA>       <NA>
## 3  CHEMBL1064  Drosophila melanogaster          <NA>     240 µM
## 4   CHEMBL113  Drosophila melanogaster      Oregon R 0.01 mg/ml
## 5 CHEMBL31574 Saccharomyces cerevisiae PSY316AT MAT_      10 µM
##   avg_lifespan_change max_lifespan_change gender significance      lincs_id
## 1                30.3                <NA>   <NA>         <NA> BRD-A37704979
## 2                <NA>                <NA>   <NA>         <NA> BRD-A44008656
## 3                  25                <NA>   <NA>         <NA> BRD-K22134346
## 4               -10.1                <NA>   Male           NS BRD-K02404261
## 5                  55                <NA>   <NA>         <NA>          <NA>
##    pert_iname is_touchstone                   inchi_key pubchem_cid
## 1   SB-203580             0 CDMGBJANTYXAIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N      176155
## 2  doxylamine             1 HCFDWZZGGLSKEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N        -666
## 3 simvastatin             0 RYMZZMVNJRMUDD-HGQWONQESA-N        -666
## 4    caffeine             1 RYYVLZVUVIJVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N        -666
## 5        <NA>            NA                        <NA>        <NA>

# query the added custom annotation
addCustomAnnot(annot_tb, annot_name="myCustom")
qres2 <- queryAnnotDB(query_id, annot=c("lincsAnnot", "myCustom"))
qres2

##     chembl_id      lincs_id  pert_iname is_touchstone
## 1    CHEMBL10 BRD-A37704979   SB-203580             0
## 2  CHEMBL1004 BRD-A44008656  doxylamine             1
## 3  CHEMBL1064 BRD-K22134346 simvastatin             0
## 4   CHEMBL113 BRD-K02404261    caffeine             1
## 5 CHEMBL31574          <NA>        <NA>            NA
##                     inchi_key pubchem_cid cmp_name feature1  feature2
## 1 CDMGBJANTYXAIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N      176155    name3       f3 -1.405746
## 2 HCFDWZZGGLSKEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N        -666     <NA>     <NA>        NA
## 3 RYMZZMVNJRMUDD-HGQWONQESA-N        -666     <NA>     <NA>        NA
## 4 RYYVLZVUVIJVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N        -666     <NA>     <NA>        NA
## 5                        <NA>        <NA>     <NA>     <NA>        NA

Since the supported compound databases use different identifiers, a ChEMBL ID mapping table is used to connect identical entries across databases as well as to link out to other resources such as ChEMBL itself or PubChem. For custom compounds, where ChEMBL IDs are not available yet, one can use alternative and/or custom identifiers.

query_id <- c("BRD-A00474148", "BRD-A00150179", "BRD-A00763758", "BRD-A00267231")
qres3 <- queryAnnotDB(chembl_id=query_id, annot=c("lincsAnnot"))
qres3

##         lincs_id          pert_iname is_touchstone                   inchi_key
## 2  BRD-A00150179 5-hydroxytryptophan             0 QSHLMQDRPXXYEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
## 3  BRD-A00267231              hemado             1 KOCIMZNSNPOGOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
## 5  BRD-A00474148       BRD-A00474148             0 RCGAUPRLRFZAMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
## 10 BRD-A00763758       BRD-A00763758             0 MASIPYZIHWNUPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
##    pubchem_cid
## 2       589768
## 3      4043357
## 5     44825297
## 10    43209100

6 Supplemental Material

6.1 Description of Four Annotation Tables in SQLite Database

The DrugAge database is manually curated by experts. It contains an extensive compilation of drugs, compounds and supplements (including natural products and nutraceuticals) with anti-aging properties that extend longevity in model organisms (Barardo et al. 2017). The DrugAge database was downloaded from here as a CSV file. The downloaded drugage.csv file contains compound_name, synonyms, species, strain, dosage, avg_lifespan_change, max_lifespan_change, gender, significance, and pubmed_id annotation columns. Since the DrugAge database only contains the drug name as identifiers, it is necessary to map the drug name to other uniform drug identifiers, such as ChEMBL IDs. In this package, the drug names have been mapped to ChEMBL (Gaulton et al. 2012), PubChem (Kim et al. 2019) and DrugBank IDs semi-manually and stored under the inst/extdata directory named as drugage_id_mapping.tsv. Part of the id mappings in the drugage_id_mapping.tsv table is generated by the function for compound names that have ChEMBL ids from the ChEMBL database (version 24). The missing IDs were added manually. A semi-manual approach was to use this web service. After the semi-manual process, the left ones were manually mapped to ChEMBL, PubChem and DrugBank ids. The entries that are mixture like green tee extract or peptide like Bacitracin were commented. Then the drugage_id_mapping table was built into the annotation SQLite database named as compoundCollection_0.1.db by buildDrugAgeDB function.

The DrugBank annotation table was downloaded from the DrugBank database in xml file. The most recent release version at the time of writing this document is 5.1.5.
The extracted xml file was processed by the function in this package. dbxml2df and df2SQLite functions in this package were used to load the xml file into R and covert to a data.frame R object, then stored in the compoundCollection SQLite annotation database. There are 55 annotation columns in the DrugBank annotation table, such as drugbank_id, name, description, cas-number, groups, indication, pharmacodynamics, mechanism-of-action, toxicity, metabolism, half-life, protein-binding, classification, synonyms, international-brands, packagers, manufacturers, prices, dosages, atc-codes, fda-label, pathways, targets. The DrugBank id to ChEMBL id mappings were obtained from UniChem.

The CMAP02 annotation table was processed from the downloaded compound instance table using the buildCMAPdb function defined by this package. The CMAP02 instance table contains the following drug annotation columns: instance_id, batch_id, cmap_name, INN1, concentration (M), duration (h), cell2, array3, perturbation_scan_id, vehicle_scan_id4, scanner, vehicle, vendor, catalog_number, catalog_name. Drug names are used as drug identifies. The buildCMAPdb function maps the drug names to external drug ids including UniProt (The UniProt Consortium 2017), PubChem, DrugBank and ChemBank (Seiler et al. 2008) ids. It also adds additional annotation columns such as directionality, ATC codes and SMILES structure. The generated cmap.db SQLite database from buildCMAPdb function contains both compound annotation table and structure information. The ChEMBL id mappings were further added to the annotation table via PubChem CID to ChEMBL id mappings from UniChem. The CMAP02 annotation table was stored in the compoundCollection SQLite annotation database. Then the CMAP internal IDs to ChEMBL id mappings were added to the ID mapping table.

The LINCS compound annotation table was downloaded from GEO where only compounds were selected. The annotation columns are lincs_id, pert_name, pert_type, is_touchstone, inchi_key_prefix, inchi_key, canonical_smiles, pubchem_cid. The annotation table was stored in the compoundCollection SQLite annotation database. Since the annotation only contains LINCS id to PubChem CID mapping, the LINCS ids were also mapped to ChEMBL ids via inchi key.

7 Session Info

sessionInfo()

## R version 4.1.0 (2021-05-18)
## Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64 (64-bit)
## Running under: Windows Server x64 (build 17763)
## 
## Matrix products: default
## 
## locale:
## [1] LC_COLLATE=C                          
## [2] LC_CTYPE=English_United States.1252   
## [3] LC_MONETARY=English_United States.1252
## [4] LC_NUMERIC=C                          
## [5] LC_TIME=English_United States.1252    
## 
## attached base packages:
## [1] parallel  stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods  
## [8] base     
## 
## other attached packages:
## [1] RSQLite_2.2.7       AnnotationHub_3.1.0 BiocFileCache_2.1.0
## [4] dbplyr_2.1.1        BiocGenerics_0.39.0 ChemmineR_3.45.0   
## [7] customCMPdb_1.3.0   BiocStyle_2.21.1   
## 
## loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
##  [1] Biobase_2.53.0                httr_1.4.2                   
##  [3] sass_0.4.0                    bit64_4.0.5                  
##  [5] jsonlite_1.7.2                bslib_0.2.5.1                
##  [7] shiny_1.6.0                   assertthat_0.2.1             
##  [9] interactiveDisplayBase_1.31.0 highr_0.9                    
## [11] BiocManager_1.30.15           stats4_4.1.0                 
## [13] blob_1.2.1                    GenomeInfoDbData_1.2.6       
## [15] yaml_2.2.1                    BiocVersion_3.14.0           
## [17] pillar_1.6.1                  glue_1.4.2                   
## [19] digest_0.6.27                 promises_1.2.0.1             
## [21] XVector_0.33.0                colorspace_2.0-1             
## [23] htmltools_0.5.1.1             httpuv_1.6.1                 
## [25] XML_3.99-0.6                  pkgconfig_2.0.3              
## [27] magick_2.7.2                  bookdown_0.22                
## [29] zlibbioc_1.39.0               purrr_0.3.4                  
## [31] xtable_1.8-4                  scales_1.1.1                 
## [33] later_1.2.0                   tibble_3.1.2                 
## [35] KEGGREST_1.33.0               generics_0.1.0               
## [37] IRanges_2.27.0                ggplot2_3.3.3                
## [39] DT_0.18                       ellipsis_0.3.2               
## [41] withr_2.4.2                   cachem_1.0.5                 
## [43] magrittr_2.0.1                crayon_1.4.1                 
## [45] mime_0.10                     memoise_2.0.0                
## [47] evaluate_0.14                 fansi_0.5.0                  
## [49] tools_4.1.0                   lifecycle_1.0.0              
## [51] stringr_1.4.0                 S4Vectors_0.31.0             
## [53] munsell_0.5.0                 AnnotationDbi_1.55.0         
## [55] Biostrings_2.61.0             compiler_4.1.0               
## [57] jquerylib_0.1.4               GenomeInfoDb_1.29.0          
## [59] rlang_0.4.11                  grid_4.1.0                   
## [61] RCurl_1.98-1.3                rsvg_2.1.2                   
## [63] htmlwidgets_1.5.3             rjson_0.2.20                 
## [65] rappdirs_0.3.3                base64enc_0.1-3              
## [67] bitops_1.0-7                  rmarkdown_2.8                
## [69] gtable_0.3.0                  DBI_1.1.1                    
## [71] curl_4.3.1                    R6_2.5.0                     
## [73] gridExtra_2.3                 knitr_1.33                   
## [75] dplyr_1.0.6                   fastmap_1.1.0                
## [77] bit_4.0.4                     utf8_1.2.1                   
## [79] filelock_1.0.2                stringi_1.6.2                
## [81] Rcpp_1.0.6                    vctrs_0.3.8                  
## [83] png_0.1-7                     tidyselect_1.1.1             
## [85] xfun_0.23

References

Barardo, Diogo, Daniel Thornton, Harikrishnan Thoppil, Michael Walsh, Samim Sharifi, Susana Ferreira, Andreja Anžič, et al. 2017. “The DrugAge Database of Aging-Related Drugs.” Aging Cell 16 (3): 594–97. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/acel.12585/full.

Cao, Yiqun, Anna Charisi, Li-Chang Cheng, Tao Jiang, and Thomas Girke. 2008. “ChemmineR: A Compound Mining Framework for R.” Bioinformatics 24 (15): 1733–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btn307.

Gaulton, Anna, Louisa J Bellis, A Patricia Bento, Jon Chambers, Mark Davies, Anne Hersey, Yvonne Light, et al. 2012. “ChEMBL: A Large-Scale Bioactivity Database for Drug Discovery.” Nucleic Acids Res. 40 (Database issue): D1100–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkr777.

Kim, Sunghwan, Jie Chen, Tiejun Cheng, Asta Gindulyte, Jia He, Siqian He, Qingliang Li, et al. 2019. “PubChem 2019 Update: Improved Access to Chemical Data.” Nucleic Acids Res. 47 (D1): D1102–D1109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gky1033.

Lamb, Justin, Emily D Crawford, David Peck, Joshua W Modell, Irene C Blat, Matthew J Wrobel, Jim Lerner, et al. 2006. “The Connectivity Map: Using Gene-Expression Signatures to Connect Small Molecules, Genes, and Disease.” Science 313 (5795): 1929–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1132939.

Seiler, Kathleen Petri, Gregory A George, Mary Pat Happ, Nicole E Bodycombe, Hyman A Carrinski, Stephanie Norton, Steve Brudz, et al. 2008. “ChemBank: A Small-Molecule Screening and Cheminformatics Resource Database.” Nucleic Acids Res. 36 (Database issue): D351–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkm843.

Subramanian, Aravind, Rajiv Narayan, Steven M Corsello, David D Peck, Ted E Natoli, Xiaodong Lu, Joshua Gould, et al. 2017. “A Next Generation Connectivity Map: L1000 Platform and the First 1,000,000 Profiles.” Cell 171 (6): 1437–1452.e17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.10.049.

The UniProt Consortium. 2017. “UniProt: The Universal Protein Knowledgebase.” Nucleic Acids Res. 45 (D1): D158–D169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw1099.

Wishart, David S, Yannick D Feunang, An C Guo, Elvis J Lo, Ana Marcu, Jason R Grant, Tanvir Sajed, et al. 2018. “DrugBank 5.0: A Major Update to the DrugBank Database for 2018.” Nucleic Acids Res. 46 (D1): D1074–D1082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkx1037.

customCMPdb: Integrating Community and Custom Compound Collections

Last update: 03 June, 2021