IntEREst

Ali Oghabian

2018-02-08

In this documents the following subjects have been covered:

Introduction to IntEREst

The Intron Exon Retention Estimator (IntEREst) facilitates estimation and comparison of splicing efficiency of transcripts across several samples. In particular, it can estimate the intron-retention levels or the exon junction levels in the transcripts. Our method estimates the Intron-retention by counting the number of rna-seq reads that have been mapped to the Intron-exon junctions of the genes, and it can estimate the exon junction levels by counting the reads that have been mapped to the exon-exon junctions. In addition, it is possible to limit the analysis to reads that are mapped to the intron-exon or exon-exon junctions only (See the junctionReadsOnly parameter in the interest() and interest.sequential() functions). However, by default this limitation is not taken into account, i.e. the reads that are fully mapped to the introns or exons are also considered. The method is similar to the Intron retention analysis used by Niemelä et al. (2014). The package accepts standard BAM files as input and produces tab separated text files together with SummarizedExperiment objects as results. To improve the performance and running time, the processing of each single BAM file can be distributed and run on several computing cores. The results can also be plotted and statistically analyzed to check the distribution of the intron retention levels, and compare the retention levels of U12 type introns to the U2 type across the studied samples. Note that although we mainly use this package to compare the splicing efficiency of the transcripts containing U12-type introns, some functions can be used with U2-type introns as well. The functions u12NbIndex(), u12Index(), u12Boxplot(), u12BoxplotNb(), u12DensityPlot()and u12DensityPlotIntron() are specifically used for the splicing efficiency analysis of the transcripts with U12-type introns. A diagram of the running pipeline is shown in figure 1.


**Figure 1:** Diagram of IntEREst running pipeline

Figure 1: Diagram of IntEREst running pipeline


Creating reference

The first step is to build a reference which will be used for the summarization of the sequencing reads, and for downstream intron retention and/or exon-exon junction analysis. This can be carried out by referencePrepare the function. The resulted reference includes coordinates of introns and exons of the genes and they can be extracted from various sources i.e. UCSC, biomaRt or a user defined file (e.g. GFF3/GTF). The exons with overlapping genomic coordinates can be collapsed (if collapseExons parameter is set as TRUE) to avoid assigning reads mapping to any alternatively skipped exons to their overlapping introns. An example of the process is shown in figure 2.
**Figure 2:** Running reference isoforms a, b, c and d leads to gene A with exons that are results of collapsing of exons of all isoforms.

Figure 2: Running reference isoforms a, b, c and d leads to gene A with exons that are results of collapsing of exons of all isoforms.


Here we build a reference data frame from a manually built GFF3 file that includes exonic coordinates of the gene RHBDD3.

# Load library quietly
suppressMessages(library("IntEREst"))
# Selecting rows related to RHBDD3 gene
tmpGen<-u12[u12[,"gene_name"]=="RHBDD3",]
# Extracting exons
tmpEx<-tmpGen[tmpGen[,"int_ex"]=="exon",]

# Building GFF3 file
exonDat<- cbind(tmpEx[,3], ".",
    tmpEx[,c(7,4,5)], ".", tmpEx[,6], ".",paste("ID=exon",
    tmpEx[,11], "; Parent=ENST00000413811", sep="") )
trDat<- c(tmpEx[1,3], ".", "mRNA", as.numeric(min(tmpEx[,4])),
    as.numeric(max(tmpEx[,5])), ".", tmpEx[1,6], ".",
    "ID=ENST00000413811")
outDir<- file.path(tempdir(),"tmpFolder")
dir.create(outDir)
outDir<- normalizePath(outDir)
gff3File<-paste(outDir, "gffFile.gff", sep="/")
cat("##gff-version 3\n",file=gff3File, append=FALSE)
cat(paste(paste(trDat, collapse="\t"),"\n", sep=""),
    file=gff3File, append=TRUE)
write.table(exonDat, gff3File,
    row.names=FALSE, col.names=FALSE,
    sep='\t', quote=FALSE, append=TRUE)

# Extracting U12 introns info from 'u12' data
u12Int<-u12[u12$int_ex=="intron"&u12$int_type=="U12",]

# Building reference
#Since it is based on one gene only (that does not feature alternative splicing
#events) there is no difference if the collapseExons is set as TRUE or FALSE
testRef<- referencePrepare (sourceBuild="file",
    filePath=gff3File, u12IntronsChr=u12Int[,"chr"],
    u12IntronsBeg=u12Int[,"begin"],
    u12IntronsEnd=u12Int[,"end"], collapseExons=TRUE,
    fileFormat="gff3", annotateGeneIds=FALSE)
## Import genomic features from the file as a GRanges object ... OK
## Prepare the 'metadata' data frame ... OK
## Make the TxDb object ... OK
head (testRef)
##     chr    begin      end strand int_ex int_ex_num
## 1 chr22 29655841 29656226      -   exon          1
## 2 chr22 29656227 29656314      - intron          2
## 3 chr22 29656315 29656602      -   exon          3
## 4 chr22 29656603 29656690      - intron          4
## 5 chr22 29656691 29656853      -   exon          5
## 6 chr22 29656854 29659823      - intron          6
##   collapsed_transcripts_id collapsed_transcripts int_type
## 1                        1       ENST00000413811     <NA>
## 2                        1       ENST00000413811       U2
## 3                        1       ENST00000413811     <NA>
## 4                        1       ENST00000413811       U2
## 5                        1       ENST00000413811     <NA>
## 6                        1       ENST00000413811       U2


## Annotating U12 type introns {#annoU12} It is possible to annotate the U12 type introns in a reference using the annotateU12 function. U12-type introns (also known as minor type introns) are detected and spliced by the U12 splicing machinery as opposed to the majority of the introns (known as major type or U2 type) which are spliced by the U2 splicing machinery. U12-type introns also feature evolutionary conserved splice sites which are distinguished from the splice sites of U2 type introns hence they can be detected by mapping a position weigh matrix (PWM) to their spice sites and measuring their match score based on the PWM. The following scripts re-annotates introns of the genes RHBDD2 and YBX2.

# Improting genome
BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg19 <-
BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg19::BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg19
#Index of the subset of rows
ind<- u12$gene_name %in% c("RHBDD2", "YBX2")

# Annotate U12 introns with strong U12 donor site, branch point
# and acceptor site from the u12 data in the package
annoU12<-
    annotateU12(pwmU12U2=list(pwmU12db[[1]][,11:17],pwmU12db[[2]],
        pwmU12db[[3]][,38:40],pwmU12db[[4]][,11:17],
        pwmU12db[[5]][,38:40]),
    pwmSsIndex=list(indexDonU12=1, indexBpU12=1, indexAccU12=3,
        indexDonU2=1, indexAccU2=3),
    referenceChr=u12[ind,'chr'],
    referenceBegin=u12[ind,'begin'],
    referenceEnd=u12[ind,'end'],
    referenceIntronExon=u12[ind,"int_ex"],
    intronExon="intron",
    matchWindowRelativeUpstreamPos=c(NA,-29,NA,NA,NA),
    matchWindowRelativeDownstreamPos=c(NA,-9,NA,NA,NA),
    minMatchScore=c(rep(paste(80,"%",sep=""),2), "40%",
    paste(80,"%",sep=""), "40%"),
    refGenome=BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg19,
    setNaAs="U2",
    annotateU12Subtype=TRUE)
## , , u12_subtype = GT-AG
## 
##         strandMatch
## int_type + -
##      U12 1 1
##      U2  0 0
# How many U12 and U2 type introns with strong U12 donor sites,
# acceptor sites (and branch points for U12-type) are there?
    table(annoU12[,1])
## 
## U12  U2 
##   2  10


Intron retention and exon-exon junction level estimation

The normalized intron retention levels and exon junction levels can be estimated using any of the two RNA-Seq read summarization functions, interest() and interest.sequential(). The interest() function is more robust since it distributes the reads in the .bam file over several computing cores and analyze the distributed data simultaneously. Note that regions in the genome with repetitive sequence elements may bias the mapping of the read sequences and the retention analysis. If you wish to exclude these regions from the analysis you can use the getRepeatTable() function, however We did not find repetitive DNA elements in particular biasing our results therefore we do not routinely use this function. As for instance, if you wish to exclude the coordinates in the genome housing Alu elements, you can run the reads summarization functions with the repeatsTableToFilter= getRepeatTable(repFamilyFil= "Alu") parameter setting. Also, to only consider the reads that map to intron-exon or exon-exon junctions set junctionReadsOnly= TRUE, however we recommend setting junctionReadsOnly= FLASE when measuring the intron retention levels (i.e. method=IntRet) and setting junctionReadsOnly= TRUE when measuring the exon-exon junction levels.

The interest() and interest.sequential() functions write output text files, additionally they can return a summarizedExperiment object for every sample they analyze. As shown in the following test script we, however usually prevent the individual runs to return any objects (by setting the returnObj=FALSE); instead, after running the analysis for all samples we generate a single summarizedExperiment object that includes results of all analyzed samples. To build such object from the output text files the readInterestResults() function can be used. In the following scripts a bam file from a single MDS sample with mutated ZRSR2 is used which includes all the reads mapped to the gene RHBDD3 only. We run two analysis that results to the number of reads mapping to the introns of the gene RHBDD3 and the number of reads mapping to the exon-exon junctions. eventually a SummarizedExperiment object is built for each of the 2 analysis that includes the read counts together with the coordinates and annotations of the introns and exons. The same analysis can be run on multiple .bam files to obtain SummarizedExperiment objects that include results for all analyzed .bam files .

# Creating temp directory to store the results
outDir<- file.path(tempdir(),"interestFolder")
dir.create(outDir)
outDir<- normalizePath(outDir)
# Loading suitable bam file
bamF <- system.file("extdata", "small_test_SRR1691637_ZRSR2Mut_RHBDD3.bam",
    package="IntEREst", mustWork=TRUE)
# Choosing reference for the gene RHBDD3
ref<-u12[u12[,"gene_name"]=="RHBDD3",]

# Intron retention analysis
# Reads mapping to inner introns are considered, hence 
# junctionReadsOnly is FALSE
testInterest<- interest(
    bamFileYieldSize=10000,
    junctionReadsOnly=FALSE,
    bamFile=bamF,
    isPaired=TRUE,
    isPairedDuplicate=FALSE,
    isSingleReadDuplicate=NA,
    reference=ref,
    referenceGeneNames=ref[,"ens_gene_id"],
    referenceIntronExon=ref[,"int_ex"],
    repeatsTableToFilter=c(),
    outFile=paste(outDir,
        "intRetRes.tsv", sep="/"),
    logFile=paste(outDir,
        "log.txt", sep="/"),
    method="IntRet",
    clusterNo=1,
    returnObj=FALSE,
    scaleLength= TRUE,
    scaleFragment= TRUE
)
## InERESt: Running bamPreprocess. Detailed log info are written in:  /tmp/Rtmpx5o8Xq/interestFolder/log.txt 
## Log info: Running interest in Parallel mode.
## InERESt: Running interestAnalyse.
## InERESt:interestAnalyse: Begins ...
## InERESt:interestAnalyse: Read counting ends. Running time:  1.839153  secs
## InERESt: Running interestSummarise.
## IntERESt:interestSummarise: Begins ...
## IntERESt:interestSummarise: Normalizing intron retention read levels.
## InERESt: run ends. Full running time:  1.844471  secs
testIntRetObj<- readInterestResults(
    resultFiles= paste(outDir,
        "intRetRes.tsv", sep="/"), 
    sampleNames="small_test_SRR1691637_ZRSR2Mut_RHBDD3", 
    sampleAnnotation=data.frame( 
        type="ZRSR2mut",
        test_ctrl="test"), 
    commonColumns=1:ncol(ref), freqCol=ncol(ref)+1, 
    scaledRetentionCol=ncol(ref)+2, scaleLength=TRUE, scaleFragment=TRUE, 
    reScale=TRUE, geneIdCol="ens_gene_id")
## 
## Reading file 1 / 1 : /tmp/Rtmpx5o8Xq/interestFolder/intRetRes.tsv
# Exon-exon junction analysis
# Reads mapping to inner exons are NOT considered, hence 
# junctionReadsOnly is TRUE
testInterest<- interest(
    bamFileYieldSize=10000,
    junctionReadsOnly=TRUE,
    bamFile=bamF,
    isPaired=TRUE,
    isPairedDuplicate=FALSE,
    isSingleReadDuplicate=NA,
    reference=ref,
    referenceGeneNames=ref[,"ens_gene_id"],
    referenceIntronExon=ref[,"int_ex"],
    repeatsTableToFilter=c(),
    outFile=paste(outDir,
        "exExRes.tsv", sep="/"),
    logFile=paste(outDir,
        "log.txt", sep="/"),
    method="ExEx",
    clusterNo=1,
    returnObj=FALSE,
    scaleLength= TRUE,
    scaleFragment= TRUE
)
## InERESt: Running bamPreprocess. Detailed log info are written in:  /tmp/Rtmpx5o8Xq/interestFolder/log.txt 
## Log info: Running interest in Parallel mode.
## InERESt: Running interestAnalyse.
## InERESt:interestAnalyse: Begins ...
## InERESt:interestAnalyse: Read counting ends. Running time:  2.136358  secs
## InERESt: Running interestSummarise.
## IntERESt:interestSummarise: Begins ...
## IntERESt:interestSummarise: Normalizing exon-exon junction read levels.
## InERESt: run ends. Full running time:  2.253801  secs
testExExObj<- readInterestResults(
    resultFiles= paste(outDir,
        "exExRes.tsv", sep="/"), 
    sampleNames="small_test_SRR1691637_ZRSR2Mut_RHBDD3", 
    sampleAnnotation=data.frame( 
        type="ZRSR2mut",
        test_ctrl="test"), 
    commonColumns=1:ncol(ref), freqCol=ncol(ref)+1, 
    scaledRetentionCol=ncol(ref)+2, scaleLength=TRUE, scaleFragment=TRUE, 
    reScale=TRUE, geneIdCol="ens_gene_id")
## 
## Reading file 1 / 1 : /tmp/Rtmpx5o8Xq/interestFolder/exExRes.tsv
# View intron retention object
testIntRetObj
## class: SummarizedExperiment 
## dim: 15 1 
## metadata(2): scaleFragment scaleLength
## assays(2): counts scaledRetention
## rownames: NULL
## rowData names(16): id int_ex_id ... int_type int_subtype
## colnames(1): small_test_SRR1691637_ZRSR2Mut_RHBDD3
## colData names(3): resultFiles type test_ctrl
# View exon-exon junction object
testExExObj
## class: SummarizedExperiment 
## dim: 15 1 
## metadata(2): scaleFragment scaleLength
## assays(2): counts scaledRetention
## rownames: NULL
## rowData names(16): id int_ex_id ... int_type int_subtype
## colnames(1): small_test_SRR1691637_ZRSR2Mut_RHBDD3
## colData names(3): resultFiles type test_ctrl
# View first rows of intron retention read counts table
head(counts(testIntRetObj))
##      small_test_SRR1691637_ZRSR2Mut_RHBDD3
## [1,]                                     0
## [2,]                                    11
## [3,]                                     0
## [4,]                                    11
## [5,]                                     0
## [6,]                                   180
# View first rows of exon-exon junction read counts table
head(counts(testExExObj))
##      small_test_SRR1691637_ZRSR2Mut_RHBDD3
## [1,]                                    39
## [2,]                                     0
## [3,]                                    64
## [4,]                                     0
## [5,]                                    23
## [6,]                                     0


Using the test data mdsChr22Obj and mdsChr22ExObj

As a demo we ran the IntEREst pipeline on 16 .bam files that each includes reads mapped to U12 genes located in chromosome 22. These bam files were results of mapping RNA-Seq data from bone-marrow samples published by Madan et al. (2015) to the Human genome (hg19). The studied samples were extracted from 16 individuals; out of which 8 were diagnosed with Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and featured ZRSR2 mutation, 4 were diagnosed with MDS but lacked the mutation (referred to as ZRSR2 wild-type MDS samples) and 4 were healthy individuals.

The data is accessible through GEO with the accession number GSE63816 and the scripts that we ran to map the RNA-seq data, modify the bam files, extract the reads mapped to U12 genes in chr22 and build mdsChr22Obj and mdsChr22ExObj objects have been listed in the readme.txt file in scripts folder of the IntEREst package. You can get its full path using this script in R: system.file("scripts","readme.txt", package="IntEREst"). The mdsChr22Obj object is a summarizedExperiment object that includes retention levels of the introns of the genes located in the Chromosome 22 that feature at least one U12-type intron, across the 16 MDS samples. The mdsChr22ExObj object contain the exon-exon junction levels. They include two assays: counts and scaledRetention. Both can be accessed using functions with the same names: counts() and scaledRetention(). The former (counts) returns a data frame which includes the read counts of each intron/exon in each sample, and the latter (scaledRetention) returns a data frame with similar dimensions that includes the FPKM normalized read counts. The result objects also include intron/exon and sample annotations that can be retrieved using rowData() and colData() functions.


# Load library quietly
suppressMessages(library("IntEREst"))
#View object
mdsChr22Obj
## class: SummarizedExperiment 
## dim: 819 16 
## metadata(2): scaleFragment scaleLength
## assays(2): counts scaledRetention
## rownames: NULL
## rowData names(10): chr begin ... collapsed_gene_id intron_type
## colnames(16): SRR1691633 SRR1691634 ... SRR1691647 SRR1691648
## colData names(3): resultFiles type test_ctrl
mdsChr22ExObj
## class: SummarizedExperiment 
## dim: 494 16 
## metadata(2): scaleFragment scaleLength
## assays(2): counts scaledRetention
## rownames: NULL
## rowData names(5): chr begin end transcripts_id int_ex
## colnames(16): SRR1691633 SRR1691634 ... SRR1691647 SRR1691648
## colData names(3): resultFiles type test_ctrl
# See read counts
head(counts(mdsChr22Obj))
##      SRR1691633 SRR1691634 SRR1691635 SRR1691636 SRR1691637 SRR1691638
## [1,]          0          0          0          0          0          0
## [2,]          1          2          1          1          1          1
## [3,]          0          0          0          0          0          0
## [4,]         21         35         45         44         22         21
## [5,]          0          0          0          0          0          0
## [6,]         63         98        128         86         67         98
##      SRR1691639 SRR1691640 SRR1691641 SRR1691642 SRR1691643 SRR1691644
## [1,]          0          0          0          0          0          0
## [2,]          0          2          1          3          2          2
## [3,]          0          0          0          0          0          0
## [4,]         27         20         89         40         28         30
## [5,]          0          0          0          0          0          0
## [6,]         84         33        161         90         24         49
##      SRR1691645 SRR1691646 SRR1691647 SRR1691648
## [1,]          0          0          0          0
## [2,]          3          1          6          1
## [3,]          0          0          0          0
## [4,]         14         14         71         14
## [5,]          0          0          0          0
## [6,]         35         33        112         37
# See FPKM Normalized values
head(scaledRetention(mdsChr22Obj))
##      SRR1691633 SRR1691634 SRR1691635 SRR1691636 SRR1691637 SRR1691638
## [1,]      0.000      0.000      0.000      0.000       0.00      0.000
## [2,]   4675.344   9547.815   2617.253   2708.442    7832.08   3481.506
## [3,]      0.000      0.000      0.000      0.000       0.00      0.000
## [4,]   8125.426  13827.871   9747.011   9862.463   14259.79   6050.618
## [5,]      0.000      0.000      0.000      0.000       0.00      0.000
## [6,]  30339.572  48189.833  34507.300  23992.376   54051.44  35143.788
##      SRR1691639 SRR1691640 SRR1691641 SRR1691642 SRR1691643 SRR1691644
## [1,]      0.000       0.00      0.000       0.00       0.00       0.00
## [2,]      0.000   18404.00   3353.724   18382.35   25100.40   19113.15
## [3,]      0.000       0.00      0.000       0.00       0.00       0.00
## [4,]   8336.627   15230.90  24701.912   20283.98   29081.84   23726.67
## [5,]      0.000       0.00      0.000       0.00       0.00       0.00
## [6,]  32281.073   31278.91  55617.122   56803.84   31025.39   48234.04
##      SRR1691645 SRR1691646 SRR1691647 SRR1691648
## [1,]       0.00       0.00       0.00       0.00
## [2,]   37202.38   15318.63   36507.01   22353.36
## [3,]       0.00       0.00       0.00       0.00
## [4,]   14367.82   17748.48   35751.69   25899.07
## [5,]       0.00       0.00       0.00       0.00
## [6,]   44706.72   52070.18   70193.73   85192.21
# See intron/exon annotations
head(rowData(mdsChr22Obj))
## DataFrame with 6 rows and 10 columns
##           chr     begin       end      strand      int_ex int_ex_num
##   <character> <integer> <integer> <character> <character>  <integer>
## 1       chr22  17618410  17619247           *        exon          1
## 2       chr22  17619248  17619439           *      intron          2
## 3       chr22  17619440  17619628           *        exon          3
## 4       chr22  17619629  17621948           *      intron          4
## 5       chr22  17621949  17622123           *        exon          5
## 6       chr22  17622124  17623987           *      intron          6
##   collapsed_transcripts_id                       collapsed_transcripts
##                  <integer>                                 <character>
## 1                    21037 uc002zmi.4,uc011agh.3,uc002zmf.3,uc002zmh.3
## 2                    21037 uc002zmi.4,uc011agh.3,uc002zmf.3,uc002zmh.3
## 3                    21037 uc002zmi.4,uc011agh.3,uc002zmf.3,uc002zmh.3
## 4                    21037 uc002zmi.4,uc011agh.3,uc002zmf.3,uc002zmh.3
## 5                    21037 uc002zmi.4,uc011agh.3,uc002zmf.3,uc002zmh.3
## 6                    21037 uc002zmi.4,uc011agh.3,uc002zmf.3,uc002zmh.3
##   collapsed_gene_id intron_type
##         <character>    <factor>
## 1   100130717,27440          NA
## 2   100130717,27440          U2
## 3   100130717,27440          NA
## 4   100130717,27440          U2
## 5   100130717,27440          NA
## 6   100130717,27440          U2
# See sample annotations
head(colData(mdsChr22Obj))
## DataFrame with 6 rows and 3 columns
##                                      resultFiles     type test_ctrl
##                                      <character> <factor>  <factor>
## SRR1691633 ./SRR1691633_ZRSR2Mut/interestRes.tsv ZRSR2mut      test
## SRR1691634 ./SRR1691634_ZRSR2Mut/interestRes.tsv ZRSR2mut      test
## SRR1691635 ./SRR1691635_ZRSR2Mut/interestRes.tsv ZRSR2mut      test
## SRR1691636 ./SRR1691636_ZRSR2Mut/interestRes.tsv ZRSR2mut      test
## SRR1691637 ./SRR1691637_ZRSR2Mut/interestRes.tsv ZRSR2mut      test
## SRR1691638 ./SRR1691638_ZRSR2Mut/interestRes.tsv ZRSR2mut      test


It is possible to plot() the object to check the distribution of the intron retention levels. The following scripts plot the average retention of all introns across the 3 sample types: ZRSR2 mutated MDS, ZRSR2 wild type MDS and healthy. The lowerPlot=TRUE and upperPlot=TRUE parameter settings ensures that both, the upper and lower triangle of the grid are plotted.


# Retention of all introns
plot(mdsChr22Obj, logScaleBase=exp(1), pch=20, loessLwd=1.2, 
    summary="mean", col="black", sampleAnnoCol="type", 
    lowerPlot=TRUE, upperPlot=TRUE)
**Figure 3:** Plotting the distribution of the retention levels ($log_e$ scaled retention) of introns of genes located on chromosome 22. The values have been averaged across the sample types ZRSR2 mutated, ZRSR2 wild type, and healthy.

Figure 3: Plotting the distribution of the retention levels (\(log_e\) scaled retention) of introns of genes located on chromosome 22. The values have been averaged across the sample types ZRSR2 mutated, ZRSR2 wild type, and healthy.


The following script plots the average retention of the U12 introns across the 3 sample types: ZRSR2 mutated MDS, ZRSR2 MDS wild type and healthy. By default the upper triangle of the grid is plotted only (lowerPlot=FALSE).

#Retention of U12 introns
plot(mdsChr22Obj, logScaleBase=exp(1), pch=20, plotLoess=FALSE, 
    summary="mean", col="black", sampleAnnoCol="type", 
    subsetRows=u12Index(mdsChr22Obj, intTypeCol="intron_type"))
**Figure 4:** Plotting the distribution of the retention levels ($log_e$ scaled retention) of introns of genes located on chromosome 22. The values have been averaged across the sample types ZRSR2 mutated, ZRSR2 wild type, and healthy.

Figure 4: Plotting the distribution of the retention levels (\(log_e\) scaled retention) of introns of genes located on chromosome 22. The values have been averaged across the sample types ZRSR2 mutated, ZRSR2 wild type, and healthy.


Comparing intron retention levels across various samples

IntEREst also provides various tools to compare the retention levels of the introns or exon junction levels across various samples. Initially, we extract the significantly higher and lower retained introns by using exactTestInterest() function which employs the exactTest() function from the edgeR package, i.e. an exact test for differences between two groups of negative-binomial counts. Note that exactTestInterest() makes comparison between a pair of sample types only (e.g. test vs ctrl).


# Check the sample annotation table
getAnnotation(mdsChr22Obj)
## DataFrame with 16 rows and 3 columns
##                                      resultFiles     type test_ctrl
##                                      <character> <factor>  <factor>
## SRR1691633 ./SRR1691633_ZRSR2Mut/interestRes.tsv ZRSR2mut      test
## SRR1691634 ./SRR1691634_ZRSR2Mut/interestRes.tsv ZRSR2mut      test
## SRR1691635 ./SRR1691635_ZRSR2Mut/interestRes.tsv ZRSR2mut      test
## SRR1691636 ./SRR1691636_ZRSR2Mut/interestRes.tsv ZRSR2mut      test
## SRR1691637 ./SRR1691637_ZRSR2Mut/interestRes.tsv ZRSR2mut      test
## ...                                          ...      ...       ...
## SRR1691644       ./SRR1691644_WT/interestRes.tsv  ZRSR2wt      ctrl
## SRR1691645   ./SRR1691645_Normal/interestRes.tsv  HEALTHY      ctrl
## SRR1691646   ./SRR1691646_Normal/interestRes.tsv  HEALTHY      ctrl
## SRR1691647   ./SRR1691647_Normal/interestRes.tsv  HEALTHY      ctrl
## SRR1691648   ./SRR1691648_Normal/interestRes.tsv  HEALTHY      ctrl
# Run exact test
test<- exactTestInterest(mdsChr22Obj, 
    sampleAnnoCol="test_ctrl", sampleAnnotation=c("ctrl","test"), 
    geneIdCol= "collapsed_transcripts_id", silent=TRUE, disp="common")
## Design matrix not provided. Switch to the classic mode.
# Number of stabilized introns (in Chr 22)
sInt<- length(which(test$table[,"PValue"]<0.05 
    & test$table[,"logFC"]>0 & 
    rowData(mdsChr22Obj)[,"int_ex"]=="intron"))
print(sInt)
## [1] 16
# Number of stabilized (significantly retained) U12 type introns
numStU12Int<- length(which(test$table[,"PValue"]<0.05 & 
    test$table[,"logFC"]>0 & 
    rowData(mdsChr22Obj)[,"intron_type"]=="U12" & 
    !is.na(rowData(mdsChr22Obj)[,"intron_type"])))
# Number of U12 introns
numU12Int<- 
    length(which(rowData(mdsChr22Obj)[,"intron_type"]=="U12" & 
    !is.na(rowData(mdsChr22Obj)[,"intron_type"]))) 
# Fraction(%) of stabilized (significantly retained) U12 introns
perStU12Int<- numStU12Int/numU12Int*100
print(perStU12Int)
## [1] 50
# Number of stabilized U2 type introns
numStU2Int<- length(which(test$table[,"PValue"]<0.05 & 
    test$table[,"logFC"]>0 & 
    rowData(mdsChr22Obj)[,"intron_type"]=="U2" & 
    !is.na(rowData(mdsChr22Obj)[,"intron_type"])))
# Number of U2 introns
numU2Int<- 
    length(which(rowData(mdsChr22Obj)[,"intron_type"]=="U2" & 
    !is.na(rowData(mdsChr22Obj)[,"intron_type"])))
# Fraction(%) of stabilized U2 introns
perStU2Int<- numStU2Int/numU2Int*100
print(perStU2Int)
## [1] 1.827676


As shown in the previous analysis ~50% of U12-type introns (of genes on Chr22) are significantly more retained (i.e. stabilized) in the ZRSR2 mutated samples comparing to the other samples, whereas same comparison shows that only ~1% of the U2-type introns are significantly more retained. For more complex experiments such as comparing samples based on a user defined design matrix other differential expression analysis functions from edgeR package, e.g. Linear Model (GLM) functions, have also been implemented in IntEREst; glmInterest() performs GLM likelihood ratio test, qlfInterest() runs quasi likelihood F-test, and treatInterest() runs fold-change threshold test on the retention levels of the introns/exons. The following commands can be used to extract the data for introns/exons that their retention levels vary significantly across all sample types: ZRSR2 mutation, ZRSR2 wild type, and healthy.

# Extract type of samples
group <- getAnnotation(mdsChr22Obj)[,"type"]
group
##  [1] ZRSR2mut ZRSR2mut ZRSR2mut ZRSR2mut ZRSR2mut ZRSR2mut ZRSR2mut
##  [8] ZRSR2mut ZRSR2wt  ZRSR2wt  ZRSR2wt  ZRSR2wt  HEALTHY  HEALTHY 
## [15] HEALTHY  HEALTHY 
## Levels: HEALTHY ZRSR2mut ZRSR2wt
# Test retention levels' differentiation across 3 types samples
qlfRes<- qlfInterest(x=mdsChr22Obj, 
    design=model.matrix(~group), silent=TRUE, 
    disp="tagwiseInitTrended", coef=2:3, contrast=NULL, 
    poisson.bound=TRUE)

# Extract index of the introns with significant retention changes
ind= which(qlfRes$table$PValue< 0.05)
# Extract introns with significant retention level changes
variedIntrons= rowData(mdsChr22Obj)[ind,]

#Show first 5 rows and columns of the result table
print(variedIntrons[1:5,1:5])
## DataFrame with 5 rows and 5 columns
##           chr     begin       end      strand      int_ex
##   <character> <integer> <integer> <character> <character>
## 1       chr22  17626008  17629337           *      intron
## 2       chr22  17629451  17630431           *      intron
## 3       chr22  17630636  17640015           *      intron
## 4       chr22  19493005  19494908           +      intron
## 5       chr22  19495041  19495288           +      intron

Next, to better illustrate the differences in the retention levels of different types of introns across the studied samples, we first use the bopxplot() method to illustrate the retention levels of all U12-type and U2-type introns in various sample types, and then we use the u12BoxplotNb() function to compare the retention of the U12 introns to their up- and down-stream U2-type introns.


# boxplot U12 and U2-type introns 
par(mar=c(7,4,2,1))
u12Boxplot(mdsChr22Obj, sampleAnnoCol="type", 
    intExCol="int_ex",  intTypeCol="intron_type", intronExon="intron", 
    col=rep(c("orange", "yellow"),3) ,  lasNames=3, 
    outline=FALSE, ylab="FPKM", cex.axis=0.8)
**Figure 5:** Boxplot of the retention levels of U12 introns vs U2 introns, summed over samples with similar annotations *i.e.* ZRSR2 mutation, ZRSR2 wild type, or healthy.

Figure 5: Boxplot of the retention levels of U12 introns vs U2 introns, summed over samples with similar annotations i.e. ZRSR2 mutation, ZRSR2 wild type, or healthy.


# boxplot U12-type intron and its up/downstream U2-type introns 
par(mar=c(2,4,1,1))
u12BoxplotNb(mdsChr22Obj, sampleAnnoCol="type", lasNames=1,
    intExCol="int_ex", intTypeCol="intron_type", intronExon="intron", 
    boxplotNames=c(), outline=FALSE, plotLegend=TRUE, 
    geneIdCol="collapsed_transcripts_id", xLegend="topleft", 
    col=c("pink", "lightblue", "lightyellow"), ylim=c(0,1e+06), 
    ylab="FPKM", cex.axis=0.8)
**Figure 6:** Boxplot of retention levels of U12 introns vs their up- and down-stream U2 introns across all samples.

Figure 6: Boxplot of retention levels of U12 introns vs their up- and down-stream U2 introns across all samples.


The boxplot clearly shows the increase retention of U12-type introns comparing to all the U2 introns (figure 5) and in particular comparing to the U2-type introns located on the up- or down-stream of the U12-type introns (figure 6). It is also clear that the elevated level of intron retention with U12-type introns is exacerbated in the ZRSR2 mutated samples comparing to the other studied samples. In order to better illustrate the stabilization of the U12-type introns comparing to the U2-type, we plot the density of the log fold-change of the retention (ZRSR2 mutated v.s. other samples) of U12-type introns and compare it to the log fold-change values for randomly selected U2-type introns, and U2-type introns up- or down-stream the U12-type introns.


u12DensityPlotIntron(mdsChr22Obj, 
    type= c("U12", "U2Up", "U2Dn", "U2UpDn", "U2Rand"), 
    fcType= "edgeR", sampleAnnoCol="test_ctrl", 
    sampleAnnotation=c("ctrl","test"), intExCol="int_ex", 
    intTypeCol="intron_type", strandCol= "strand", 
    geneIdCol= "collapsed_transcripts_id", naUnstrand=FALSE, col=c(2,3,4,5,6), 
    lty=c(1,2,3,4,5), lwd=1, plotLegend=TRUE, cexLegend=0.7, 
    xLegend="topright", yLegend=NULL, legend=c(), randomSeed=10,
    ylim=c(0,0.6), xlab=expression("log"[2]*" fold change FPKM"))
## Design matrix not provided. Switch to the classic mode.
Figure 7: Density plot of the log fold change of U12-type introns, random U2-type introns and U2 introns (up / down / up and down)stream of U12-type introns.
Figure 7: Density plot of the log fold change of U12-type introns, random U2-type introns and U2 introns (up / down / up and down)stream of U12-type introns.
# estimate log fold-change of introns 
# by comparing test samples vs ctrl 
# and don't show warnings !
lfcRes<- lfc(mdsChr22Obj, fcType= "edgeR", 
    sampleAnnoCol="test_ctrl",sampleAnnotation=c("ctrl","test"))
## Design matrix not provided. Switch to the classic mode.
# Build the order vector
ord<- rep(1,length(lfcRes))
ord[u12Index(mdsChr22Obj, intTypeCol="intron_type")]=2

# Median of log fold change of U2 introns (ZRSR2 mut. vs ctrl)
median(lfcRes[ord==1])
## [1] 0
# Median of log fold change of U2 introns (ZRSR2 mut. vs ctrl)
median(lfcRes[ord==2])
## [1] 1.008306


As shown in figure 7 (and computed after the plot), when comparing the ZRSR2 mutated samples vs the other samples, for all U2-type introns the most frequent log fold-change (median) is ~0 whereas this value for the U12-type introns is noticeably higher (~1.01). It is also possible to run a statistical test to see if the log fold-changes of U12-type introns (ZRSR2 mutated samples vs other samples) are significantly higher than the log fold-changes of U2-type introns. For this purpose we use the jonckheere.test() function, i.e. Jonckheere-Terpstra ordered alternative hypothesis test, from the Clinfun package.


# Run Jockheere Terpstra's trend test
library(clinfun)
jtRes<- jonckheere.test(lfcRes, ord, alternative = "increasing", 
    nperm=1000)
jtRes
## 
##  Jonckheere-Terpstra test
## 
## data:  
## JT = 11209, p-value = 0.001
## alternative hypothesis: increasing


The result of the Jonckheere-Terpstra test with 1000 permutation runs shows that when comparing the samples that lack the ZRSR2 mutation to the the ZRSR2 mutated samples, the null hypothesis that the log fold-changes of the retentions of U12-type and U2-type introns are equally distributed was rejected with p-value 0.001, while the alternative being that the values in the U12-type introns are higher compared to the U2-type.

Our recommended pipeline for differential intron retention analysis

After building the reference as described in the test scripts above, we recommend running interest() (or interest.sequential()) twice: once in intron retention mode with method=IntRet and junctionReadsOnly= FALSE parameter settings; and subsequentlay in exon-exon junction mode with method=ExEx and junctionReadsOnly= FALSE parameter settings. Two example SummarizedExperiment objects resulted from Intron-retention and exon-exon junction mode of interest() test runs are mdsChr22Obj and mdsChr22ExObj. These two objects are limited to genes on chr22 that feature at least one U12 type intron. As shown in the scripts we recommend merging the intron-retention and exon-exon junction objects and running the deseqIntEREst() as shown:

mdsChr22RefIntExObj<- interestResultIntEx(
    intObj=mdsChr22Obj, exObj=mdsChr22ExObj, 
    mean.na.rm=TRUE, postExName="ex_junc", 
    intExCol="int_ex" )

ddsChr22Diff<- deseqInterest(mdsChr22RefIntExObj,  
    design=~test_ctrl+test_ctrl:intronExon, 
    sizeFactor=rep(1,nrow(colData(mdsChr22RefIntExObj))), 
    contrast=list("test_ctrltest.intronExonintron",
        "test_ctrlctrl.intronExonintron"))
# See the number of significantly more retained U12 and U2 introns
pThreshold<- 0.01
mdsChr22UpIntInd<- which(ddsChr22Diff$padj< pThreshold & ddsChr22Diff$padj>0)
table(rowData(mdsChr22RefIntExObj)$intron_type[mdsChr22UpIntInd])
## 
##    U12 U12/U2     U2 
##      9      0     15
# See the fraction of significantly more retained U12 and U2 introns
100*table(rowData(mdsChr22RefIntExObj)$intron_type[mdsChr22UpIntInd])/
    table(rowData(mdsChr22RefIntExObj)$intron_type)
## 
##       U12    U12/U2        U2 
## 50.000000            3.916449

References

Madan, V., D. Kanojia, J. Li, R. Okamoto, A. Sato-Otsubo, A. Kohlmann, M. Sanada, et al. 2015. “Aberrant splicing of U12-type introns is the hallmark of ZRSR2 mutant myelodysplastic syndrome.” Nat Commun 6:6042.

Niemela, E. H., A. Oghabian, R. H. Staals, D. Greco, G. J. Pruijn, and M. J. Frilander. 2014. “Global analysis of the nuclear processing of transcripts with unspliced U12-type introns by the exosome.” Nucleic Acids Res. 42 (11):7358–69.