1 Biscuiteer

biscuiteer is package to process output from biscuit into bsseq objects. It includes a number of features, such as VCF header parsing, shrunken M-value calculations (which can be used for compartment inference), and age inference are included. However, the task of locus- and region-level differential methylation inference is delegated to other packages (such as dmrseq).

2 Quick Start

2.2 Loading Data

biscuiteer can load either headered of header-free BED files produced from biscuit vcf2bed or biscuit mergecg. In either case, a VCF file is needed when loading biscuit output. For practical purposes, only the VCF header is for biscuiteer. However, it is encouraged that the user keep the entire VCF, as biscuit can be used to call SNVs and allows for structural variant detection in a similar manner to typical whole-genome sequencing tools. Furthermore, biscuit records the version of the software and the calling arguments used during processing the output VCF, which allows for better reproducibility.

NOTE: Both the input BED and VCF files must be tabix’ed before being input to biscuiteer. This can be done by running bgzip biscuit_output.xxx followed by tabix -p xxx biscuit_output.xxx.gz, where xxx is either bed or vcf.

Data can be loaded using the readBiscuit function in biscuiteer:

## Loading required package: biscuiteerData
## Loading required package: ExperimentHub
## Loading required package: BiocGenerics
## 
## Attaching package: 'BiocGenerics'
## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
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##     IQR, mad, sd, var, xtabs
## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
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##     Filter, Find, Map, Position, Reduce, anyDuplicated, append,
##     as.data.frame, basename, cbind, colnames, dirname, do.call,
##     duplicated, eval, evalq, get, grep, grepl, intersect, is.unsorted,
##     lapply, mapply, match, mget, order, paste, pmax, pmax.int, pmin,
##     pmin.int, rank, rbind, rownames, sapply, setdiff, sort, table,
##     tapply, union, unique, unsplit, which.max, which.min
## Loading required package: AnnotationHub
## Loading required package: BiocFileCache
## Loading required package: dbplyr
## Loading biscuiteerData.
## Loading required package: bsseq
## Loading required package: GenomicRanges
## Loading required package: stats4
## Loading required package: S4Vectors
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## Attaching package: 'S4Vectors'
## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
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##     I, expand.grid, unname
## Loading required package: IRanges
## Loading required package: GenomeInfoDb
## Loading required package: SummarizedExperiment
## Loading required package: MatrixGenerics
## Loading required package: matrixStats
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## Attaching package: 'MatrixGenerics'
## The following objects are masked from 'package:matrixStats':
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##     colAlls, colAnyNAs, colAnys, colAvgsPerRowSet, colCollapse,
##     colCounts, colCummaxs, colCummins, colCumprods, colCumsums,
##     colDiffs, colIQRDiffs, colIQRs, colLogSumExps, colMadDiffs,
##     colMads, colMaxs, colMeans2, colMedians, colMins, colOrderStats,
##     colProds, colQuantiles, colRanges, colRanks, colSdDiffs, colSds,
##     colSums2, colTabulates, colVarDiffs, colVars, colWeightedMads,
##     colWeightedMeans, colWeightedMedians, colWeightedSds,
##     colWeightedVars, rowAlls, rowAnyNAs, rowAnys, rowAvgsPerColSet,
##     rowCollapse, rowCounts, rowCummaxs, rowCummins, rowCumprods,
##     rowCumsums, rowDiffs, rowIQRDiffs, rowIQRs, rowLogSumExps,
##     rowMadDiffs, rowMads, rowMaxs, rowMeans2, rowMedians, rowMins,
##     rowOrderStats, rowProds, rowQuantiles, rowRanges, rowRanks,
##     rowSdDiffs, rowSds, rowSums2, rowTabulates, rowVarDiffs, rowVars,
##     rowWeightedMads, rowWeightedMeans, rowWeightedMedians,
##     rowWeightedSds, rowWeightedVars
## Loading required package: Biobase
## Welcome to Bioconductor
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##     Vignettes contain introductory material; view with
##     'browseVignettes()'. To cite Bioconductor, see
##     'citation("Biobase")', and for packages 'citation("pkgname")'.
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## Attaching package: 'Biobase'
## The following object is masked from 'package:MatrixGenerics':
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## Warning: replacing previous import 'BiocParallel::bpstart' by 'QDNAseq::bpstart'
## when loading 'biscuiteer'
## Checking /tmp/RtmpvXBNuR/Rinst2960aa58aa20b1/biscuiteer/extdata/MCF7_Cunha_chr11p15.bed.gz for import...
## Extracting sample names from /tmp/RtmpvXBNuR/Rinst2960aa58aa20b1/biscuiteer/extdata/MCF7_Cunha_header_only.vcf.gz...
## /tmp/RtmpvXBNuR/Rinst2960aa58aa20b1/biscuiteer/extdata/MCF7_Cunha_chr11p15.bed.gz does not have a header. Using VCF file header information to help set column names.
## Assuming unmerged data. Checking now... ...The file might be alright. Double check if you're worried.
## /tmp/RtmpvXBNuR/Rinst2960aa58aa20b1/biscuiteer/extdata/MCF7_Cunha_chr11p15.bed.gz has 254147 indexed loci.
## /tmp/RtmpvXBNuR/Rinst2960aa58aa20b1/biscuiteer/extdata/MCF7_Cunha_chr11p15.bed.gz looks valid for import.
## Reading unmerged input from /tmp/RtmpvXBNuR/Rinst2960aa58aa20b1/biscuiteer/extdata/MCF7_Cunha_chr11p15.bed.gz...
## Excluding CpG sites with uniformly zero coverage...
## Loaded /tmp/RtmpvXBNuR/Rinst2960aa58aa20b1/biscuiteer/extdata/MCF7_Cunha_chr11p15.bed.gz. Creating bsseq object...

Metadata from the biscuit output can be viewed via:

## CharacterList of length 3
## [["Reference genome"]] hg19.fa
## [["Biscuit version"]] 0.1.3.20160324
## [["Invocation"]] biscuit pileup -r /primary/vari/genomicdata/genomes/hg19/hg1...

If further information about the VCF header is desired,

## class: VCFHeader 
## samples(1): MCF7_Cunha
## meta(5): fileformat reference source contig program
## fixed(1): FILTER
## info(3): NS CX N5
## geno(7): GT DP ... GL GQ

2.3 Combining Results

In the instance where you have two separate BED files that you would like to analyze in a single bsseq object, you can combine the files using unionize, which is a wrapper around the bsseq function, combine.

## Checking /tmp/RtmpvXBNuR/Rinst2960aa58aa20b1/biscuiteer/extdata/MCF7_Cunha_chr11p15_shuffled.bed.gz for import...
## Extracting sample names from /tmp/RtmpvXBNuR/Rinst2960aa58aa20b1/biscuiteer/extdata/MCF7_Cunha_shuffled_header_only.vcf.gz...
## /tmp/RtmpvXBNuR/Rinst2960aa58aa20b1/biscuiteer/extdata/MCF7_Cunha_chr11p15_shuffled.bed.gz does not have a header. Using VCF file header information to help set column names.
## Assuming unmerged data. Checking now... ...The file might be alright. Double check if you're worried.
## /tmp/RtmpvXBNuR/Rinst2960aa58aa20b1/biscuiteer/extdata/MCF7_Cunha_chr11p15_shuffled.bed.gz has 254147 indexed loci.
## /tmp/RtmpvXBNuR/Rinst2960aa58aa20b1/biscuiteer/extdata/MCF7_Cunha_chr11p15_shuffled.bed.gz looks valid for import.
## Reading unmerged input from /tmp/RtmpvXBNuR/Rinst2960aa58aa20b1/biscuiteer/extdata/MCF7_Cunha_chr11p15_shuffled.bed.gz...
## Excluding CpG sites with uniformly zero coverage...
## Loaded /tmp/RtmpvXBNuR/Rinst2960aa58aa20b1/biscuiteer/extdata/MCF7_Cunha_chr11p15_shuffled.bed.gz. Creating bsseq object...

3 Analysis Functionality

A handful of analysis paths are available in biscuiteer, including A/B comparment inference, age estimation from WGBS data, hypermethylation of Polycomb Repressor Complex (PRC) binding sites, and hypomethylation of CpG-poor “partially methylated domains” (PMDs).

3.1 Inputs for A/B Compartment Inference

When performing A/B compartment inference, the goal is to have something that has roughly gaussian error. getLogitFracMeth uses Dirichlet smoothing to turn raw measurements into lightly moderated, logit-transformed methylated-fraction estimates, which can the be used as inputs to compartmap

## GRanges object with 5 ranges and 1 metadata column:
##       seqnames            ranges strand | MCF7_Cunha
##          <Rle>         <IRanges>  <Rle> |  <numeric>
##   [1]    chr11         0-2800000      * |   1.340682
##   [2]    chr11  2800000-11700000      * |   0.575875
##   [3]    chr11 11700000-13800000      * |   1.162989
##   [4]    chr11 13800000-16900000      * |   0.581874
##   [5]    chr11 16900000-22000000      * |   0.442985
##   -------
##   seqinfo: 1 sequence from an unspecified genome; no seqlengths

3.2 Age Estimation

biscuiteer has the functionalitity to guess the age of the sample(s) provided using the Horvath-style “clock” models (see Horvath, 2013 for more information).

NOTE: The prediction accuracy of this function is entirely dependent on the parameters set by the user. As such, the defaults (as shown in the example below) should only be used as a starting point for exploration by the user.

NOTE: Please cite the appropriate papers for the epigenetic “clock” chosen: * For horvath or horvathshrunk * Horvath, Genome Biology, 2013 * For hannum * Hannum et al., Molecular Cell, 2013 * For skinandblood * Horvath et al., Aging, 2018

## Assessing coverage across age-associated regions...
## All regions in all samples appear to be sufficiently covered.
## $call
## WGBSage(comb, "horvath")
## 
## $droppedSamples
## NULL
## 
## $droppedRegions
## NULL
## 
## $intercept
## [1] 0.6955073
## 
## $methcoefs
## GRanges object with 2 ranges and 3 metadata columns:
##                           seqnames            ranges strand | MCF7_Cunha
##                              <Rle>         <IRanges>  <Rle> |  <numeric>
##     chr11:6678129-6678158    chr11   6678129-6678158      * |   0.800000
##   chr11:12030629-12030658    chr11 12030629-12030658      * |   0.833333
##                           MCF7_Cunha_shuffled        coefs
##                                     <numeric>    <numeric>
##     chr11:6678129-6678158            0.250000  0.000792206
##   chr11:12030629-12030658            0.247732 -0.138857398
##   -------
##   seqinfo: 22 sequences from hg19 genome
## 
## $age
##                         [,1]
## MCF7_Cunha          33.18896
## MCF7_Cunha_shuffled 34.88742

3.3 Hypermethylation of PRCs and Hypomethylation of PMDs

To generate a shorthand summary of the hypermethylation of PRCs and hypomethylation of PMDs, the CpGindex function in biscuiteer can be used.

## Computing hypermethylation indices...
## Loading HMM_CpG_islands.hg19...
## Loading H9state23unmeth.hg19...
## Computing hypomethylation indices...
## Loading PMDs.hg19.rda from biscuiteerData...
## Loading Zhou_solo_WCGW_inCommonPMDs.hg19.rda from biscuiteerData...
## Computing indices...
## CpGindex with 1 row and 3 columns
##   hyper.MCF7_Cunha hypo.MCF7_Cunha ratio.MCF7_Cunha
##          <numeric>       <numeric>        <numeric>
## 1        0.0690734        0.199262         0.346647
##   -------
## This object is just a DataFrame that has an idea of where it came from:
## Hypermethylation was tallied across 120 region (see 'object@hyperMethRegions'). 
## Hypomethylation was tallied across 13127 region (see 'object@hypoMethRegions').
## GRanges object with 120 ranges and 1 metadata column:
##       seqnames            ranges strand |     score
##          <Rle>         <IRanges>  <Rle> | <numeric>
##     1     chr1 32230201-32230224      * |      0.04
##     2     chr1 43638401-43638449      * |      0.04
##     3     chr1 44884001-44884005      * |      0.04
##     4     chr1 46860401-46860406      * |      0.06
##     5     chr1 51435801-51436075      * |      0.05
##   ...      ...               ...    ... .       ...
##   116    chr20   8112392-8112400      * |     0.030
##   117    chr20 17207801-17208191      * |     0.060
##   118    chr22 20004801-20004802      * |     0.035
##   119    chr22 37252601-37252731      * |     0.060
##   120    chr22 43781850-43781952      * |     0.045
##   -------
##   seqinfo: 21 sequences from hg19 genome